Association of infant diet with subsequent obesity at 2–5 years among children exposed to gestational diabetes: the SWIFT study

Vandyousefi, Sarvenaz; Davis, Jaimie N.; Gunderson, Erica P.

doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05379-y

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…They found that none of the studies observed an effect between the different types of foods introduced and subsequent BMI in childhood except for one prospective study finding a similar association between a later introduction of grains around 8 months of age and lower BMI at 12 months of age [ 44 , 45 ]. Lastly, several studies defined late introduction as early as 4 months of age, not in keeping with the AAP recommendations [ 11 ], which makes it difficult to interpret their overall findings [ 23 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Infant Feeding Practices and Associations with Growth in Childhood

Clayton,

Putnick,

Trees

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Early infant growth trajectories have been linked to obesity risk. The aim of this study was to examine early infant feeding practices in association with anthropometric measures and risk of overweight/obesity in childhood. A total of 2492 children from Upstate KIDS, a population-based longitudinal cohort, were included for the analysis. Parents reported breastfeeding and complementary food introduction from 4 to 12 months on questionnaires. Weight and height were reported between 2 and 3 years of age and during later follow-up at 7–9 years of age. Age and sex z-scores were calculated. Linear mixed models were conducted, adjusting for maternal and child sociodemographic factors. Approximately 54% of infants were formula-fed at <5 months of age. Compared to those formula-fed, BMI- (adjusted B, −0.23; 95% CI: −0.42, −0.05) and weight-for-age z-scores (adjusted B, −0.16; −0.28, −0.03) were lower for those exclusively breastfed. Infants breastfed for ≥12 months had a lower risk of being overweight (aRR, 0.33; 0.18, 0.59) at 2–3 years, relative to formula-fed infants. Compared to introduction at <5 months, the introduction of fruits and vegetables between 5 and 8 months was associated with lower risk of obesity at 7–9 years (aRR, 0.45; 0.22, 0.93). The type and duration of breastfeeding and delayed introduction of certain complementary foods was associated with lower childhood BMI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Infant Feeding Practices and Associations with Growth in Childhood

Clayton,

Putnick,

Trees

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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“…Finally, the benefits of lactation in combination with healthy infant feeding practices for childhood obesity have been well documented. 153 Studies from other cohorts have noted that women with GDM may have reduced breastmilk production as well as different quality breastmilk than women without GDM. 154 Whether the quality of breastmilk among infants with GDM has independent adverse effects on infant growth is not yet established.…”

Section: Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's Reproductive Milestones and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review of Reports and Opportunities From the CARDIA Study

Kim

Catov

Schreiner

et al. 2023

JAHA

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In 1985 to 1986, the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study enrolled 5115 Black or White participants, including 2788 women, aged 18 to 30 years. Over the following 35 years, the CARDIA study amassed extensive longitudinal data on women's reproductive milestones, spanning menarche to menopause. Although not initially conceived as a study of women's health, >75 CARDIA study publications address relationships between reproductive factors and events with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease, and social determinants of health. The CARDIA study was one of the earliest population‐based reports to note Black‐White differences in age at menarche and associations with cardiovascular risk factors. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly gestational diabetes and preterm birth, have been assessed along with postpartum behaviors, such as lactation. Existing studies have examined risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes and lactation, as well as their relationship to future cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, diagnoses, and subclinical atherosclerosis. Ancillary studies examining components of polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian biomarkers, such as anti‐Müllerian hormone, have facilitated examination of reproductive health in a population‐based cohort of young adult women. As the cohort transitioned through menopause, examination of the importance of premenopausal cardiovascular risk factors along with menopause has improved our understanding of shared mechanisms. The cohort is now aged in the 50s to mid‐60s, and women will begin to experience a greater number of cardiovascular events as well as other conditions, such as cognitive impairment. Thus, in the next decade, the CARDIA study will provide a unique resource for understanding how the women's reproductive life course epidemiology informs cardiovascular risk, as well as reproductive and chronological aging.

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“…T2D was diagnosed via the ADA criteria [32]. Frequency and amount of breastmilk feeding (including expressed breast milk bottle feeding) and formula feeding for each woman were assessed by trained research staff via telephone calls, mailed feeding diaries, questionnaires during in-person visits, and mailed monthly surveys from birth to 12 months post-delivery as previously described [33]. Based on this information, breastfeeding behavior measurements within each month were operationalized as breastfeeding intensity and duration ratio (quantitative methodology), which was calculated as the number of breast milk feeds (on average in 24 h) divided by the total number of all liquid feeds (on average in 24 h) during the past 7 days to yield a score with a range from 0 to 1 as described by Piper et al [34].…”

Section: Design Of Swift Cohortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive lactation among women with recent gestational diabetes significantly alters the early postpartum circulating lipid profile: the SWIFT study

Zhang

Lai

Piro

et al. 2021

BMC Med

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Background Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a 7-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is estimated that 20-50% of women with GDM history will progress to T2D within 10 years after delivery. Intensive lactation could be negatively associated with this risk, but the mechanisms behind a protective effect remain unknown. Methods In this study, we utilized a prospective GDM cohort of 1010 women without T2D at 6-9 weeks postpartum (study baseline) and tested for T2D onset up to 8 years post-baseline (n=980). Targeted metabolic profiling was performed on fasting plasma samples collected at both baseline and follow-up (1-2 years post-baseline) during research exams in a subset of 350 women (216 intensive breastfeeding, IBF vs. 134 intensive formula feeding or mixed feeding, IFF/Mixed). The relationship between lactation intensity and circulating metabolites at both baseline and follow-up were evaluated to discover underlying metabolic responses of lactation and to explore the link between these metabolites and T2D risk. Results We observed that lactation intensity was strongly associated with decreased glycerolipids (TAGs/DAGs) and increased phospholipids/sphingolipids at baseline. This lipid profile suggested decreased lipogenesis caused by a shift away from the glycerolipid metabolism pathway towards the phospholipid/sphingolipid metabolism pathway as a component of the mechanism underlying the benefits of lactation. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that this favorable lipid profile was transient and diminished at 1-2 years postpartum, coinciding with the cessation of lactation. Importantly, when stratifying these 350 women by future T2D status during the follow-up (171 future T2D vs. 179 no T2D), we discovered that lactation induced robust lipid changes only in women who did not develop incident T2D. Subsequently, we identified a cluster of metabolites that strongly associated with future T2D risk from which we developed a predictive metabolic signature with a discriminating power (AUC) of 0.78, superior to common clinical variables (i.e., fasting glucose, AUC 0.56 or 2-h glucose, AUC 0.62). Conclusions In this study, we show that intensive lactation significantly alters the circulating lipid profile at early postpartum and that women who do not respond metabolically to lactation are more likely to develop T2D. We also discovered a 10-analyte metabolic signature capable of predicting future onset of T2D in IBF women. Our findings provide novel insight into how lactation affects maternal metabolism and its link to future diabetes onset. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01967030.

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Association of infant diet with subsequent obesity at 2–5 years among children exposed to gestational diabetes: the SWIFT study

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Early Infant Feeding Practices and Associations with Growth in Childhood

Early Infant Feeding Practices and Associations with Growth in Childhood

Women's Reproductive Milestones and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review of Reports and Opportunities From the CARDIA Study

Intensive lactation among women with recent gestational diabetes significantly alters the early postpartum circulating lipid profile: the SWIFT study

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