Association of initial serum sodium change and clinical outcome in patients with diabetes receiving sodium–glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor therapy: A multicentre database analysis in Taiwan

Abstract

AimThe study aimed to assess the impact of varying degrees of initial serum sodium change among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) starting sodium–glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) therapy and their subsequent clinical outcome.MethodsWe used medical data from a multicentre health care provider in Taiwan and recruited 4400 patients with T2D with baseline normal serum sodium (135–145 mmol/L) and follow‐up serum sodium measures available after 3 months of SGLT2i treatment from 1 June 2016 to 31 December 2021.ResultsAfter a median of 2.9 (2.4, 3.4) months of SGLT2i treatment, overall, there was a minimal change in serum sodium levels (from 139.6 ± 2.4 to 139.5 ± 3.7 mmol/L). Most patients (87.8%) maintained normal sodium levels, while 8.6% (n = 378) experienced hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L) and 3.6% (n = 158) hypernatraemia (>145 mmol/L). Factors independently associated with hyponatraemia included cancer history, chronic lung disease, insulin use, higher glycated haemoglobin, impaired liver function, lower baseline sodium and greater initial decline in kidney function. Conversely, factors linked to hypernatraemia included older age, absence of cancer history, loop diuretic and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use, higher baseline sodium and a lesser initial decline in kidney function. Over a median of 26.0 months of follow‐up, hyponatraemia shortly after starting SGLT2i therapy was associated with significantly increased risks of major adverse cardiovascular events [hazard ratio (HR): 2.52; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.83–3.48], heart failure for hospitalization (HR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.16–2.37), major adverse renal events (HR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.73–2.96) and all‐cause death (HR: 2.98; 95% CI: 2.17–4.11) after adjusting for clinically relevant factors. Non‐linear analysis indicated that a more pronounced initial decline in serum sodium levels correlated steeply with higher risks of these adverse events.ConclusionWhile most patients with T2D maintain stable serum sodium homeostasis on SGLT2i therapy, a subset may experience dysnatraemic events with potential worse clinical consequences. Physicians should be vigilant about monitoring sodium levels and considering the associated risks when initiating SGLT2i therapy in patients with risk.