Association of Insulin Resistance and Elevated Androgen Levels with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Review of Literature

Xu, Yalan; Qiao, Jie

doi:10.1155/2022/9240569

Cited by 126 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Persson [ 18 ] found that hyperandrogenism was an independent predictor of T2D risk in the sub-cohort of lean women with PCOS. In accordance, patients fulfilling the NIH criteria for PCOS had a more adverse metabolic risk profile than patients with milder phenotypes [ 40 ], and hyperandrogenism could aggravate insulin resistance [ 18 , 41 ]. These findings contrasted other studies, where PCOS phenotype and hyperandrogenism did not predict T2D risk [ 28 , 29 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Normal Weight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

et al. 2022

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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with obesity and increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the prospective risk of T2D in normal weight women with PCOS is debated, together with the relevant prospective screening programs for T2D in normal weight women with PCOS. Aim: To review and discuss prospective risk of T2D in normal weight women with PCOS, and to give recommendations regarding prospective screening for T2D in normal weight women with PCOS. Methods: Systematic review. Results: A systematic literature search resulted in 15 published prospective studies (10 controlled studies and 5 uncontrolled studies) regarding risk of T2D in study cohorts of PCOS, where data from normal weight women with PCOS were presented separately. In controlled studies, higher risk of T2D in normal weight women with PCOS compared to controls was reported in 4/10 studies, which included one study where T2D diagnosis was based on glucose measurement, two register-based studies, and one study where diagnosis of T2D was self-reported. Six of the 10 controlled studies reported no increased risk of T2D in normal weight women with PCOS. Four of these studies based the diagnosis of T2D on biochemical measurements, which supported the risk of surveillance bias in PCOS. In uncontrolled studies, 2/5 reported a higher risk of T2D in lean women with PCOS compared to the general population. We discuss the evidence for insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in normal weight women with PCOS, and aggravation in the hyperandrogenic phenotype, ageing women, and women with Asian ethnicity. Impaired glucose tolerance could be an important metabolic and vascular risk marker in PCOS. Conclusions: The risk of T2D may be increased in some normal weight women with PCOS. Individual risk markers such as hyperandrogenism, age >40 years, Asian ethnicity, and weight gain should determine prospective screening programs in normal weight women with PCOS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Normal Weight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

et al. 2022

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“…The problem of hormonal and metabolic disorders with stress dependence is of more and more concern these days. Leptin resistance, insulin resistance, hypothyroidism or increased concentrations of cortisol in the blood are only the basic disorders that people, especially young women of reproductive age, have to manage [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Leptin on the Blood Hormonal Profile (Cortisol, Insulin, Thyroid Hormones) of the Ewe in Acute Inflammation in Two Different Photoperiodical Conditions

Krawczyńska

Herman

Antushevich

et al. 2022

IJMS

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As a day animal with sensitivity to inflammation similar to that of humans, the sheep may highly outperform the rodent model in inflammation studies. Additionally, seasonality makes sheep an interesting model in endocrinology research. Although there are studies concerning inflammation’s influence on leptin secretion and vice versa, a ewe model, with its possible ‘long-day leptin resistance’, is still not examined enough. The present study aimed to examine whether leptin may modulate an acute inflammation influence on plasma hormones in two photoperiodical conditions. The experiment was conducted on 48 ewes divided into four groups (control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leptin, LPS + leptin) during short and long days. Blood sampling started 1 hour before and continued 3 h after LPS/saline administration for further hormonal analysis. The results showed that the photoperiod is one of the main factors influencing the basal concentrations of several hormones with higher values of leptin, insulin and thyroid hormones during long days. Additionally, the acute inflammation effect on cortisol, insulin and thyroid hormones was photoperiod-dependent. The endotoxemia may also exert an influence on leptin concentration regardless of season. The effects of leptin alone on hormone blood concentrations are rather limited; however, leptin can modulate the LPS influence on insulin or thyroxine in a photoperiod-dependent way.

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“…Indeed, a VLCKD induces weight loss, reducing visceral fat, by lowering appetite [84] and lipogenesis and increasing lipolysis [85,86]. A VLCKD reduces glucose and insulin levels, improving insulin sensitivity and leading to an improvement in glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an improvement in gonadal function in women (PCOS) [87][88][89][90].…”

Section: Vlckd and Cushing's Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Potential Application in the Treatment of Hypercortisolism Comorbidities

et al. 2022

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A very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is characterized by low daily caloric intake (less than 800 kcal/day), low carbohydrate intake (<50 g/day) and normoproteic (1–1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight) contents. It induces a significant weight loss and an improvement in lipid parameters, blood pressure, glycaemic indices and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is characterized by an endogenous or exogenous excess of glucocorticoids and shows many comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders. The aim of this speculative review is to provide an overview on nutrition in hypercortisolism and analyse the potential use of a VLCKD for the treatment of CS comorbidities, analysing the molecular mechanisms of ketogenesis.

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Association of Insulin Resistance and Elevated Androgen Levels with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Review of Literature

Cited by 126 publications

References 133 publications

Prospective Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Normal Weight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Prospective Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Normal Weight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The Effect of Leptin on the Blood Hormonal Profile (Cortisol, Insulin, Thyroid Hormones) of the Ewe in Acute Inflammation in Two Different Photoperiodical Conditions

Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Potential Application in the Treatment of Hypercortisolism Comorbidities

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