“…Exosomes are released into the extracellular environment or different types of body fluids; this process was reported for different immune (dendritic cells as well as B-cells), epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells and was confirmed to be correlated with normal physiological processes. Different pathways play important role in the pathology of various diseases including tumor, cancer, Neurodegenerative Diseases [ 7 , 8 ]. Fig.…”
“…Exosomes are released into the extracellular environment or different types of body fluids; this process was reported for different immune (dendritic cells as well as B-cells), epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells and was confirmed to be correlated with normal physiological processes. Different pathways play important role in the pathology of various diseases including tumor, cancer, Neurodegenerative Diseases [ 7 , 8 ]. Fig.…”
Learning and memory impairment (LMI), a common degenerative central nervous system disease. Recently, more and more studies have shown that Ganoderma lucidum (GL) can improve the symptoms of LMI. The active ingredients in GL and their corresponding targets were screened through TCMSP (Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform) and BATMAN-TCM (Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine) databases, and the potential LMI targets were searched for through GeneCard (GeneCards Human Gene Database) and DrugBank. Then, we construct a "main active ingredient-target" network and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagram.The GO (Gene Ontology) functional enrichment analysis and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway annotation analysis were performed on the common targets through DAVID (Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery) to clarify the potential molecular mechanism of action of active ingredients in GL. The TNF protein was verified by western blot;Twenty one active ingredients in GL and 142 corresponding targets were screened out, including 59 targets shared with LMI. The 448 biological processes shown by the GO functional annotation results and 55 signal pathways shown by KEGG enrichment analysis were related to the improvement of LMI by GL, among which the correlation of Alzheimer disease pathway is the highest, and TNF was the most important protein; TNF can improve LMI.GL can improve LMI mainly by 10 active ingredients in it, and they may play a role by regulating Alzheimer disease pathway and TNF protein.
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