Association of obesity with anxiety, depression and emotional well‐being: a community survey

Jorm, Anthony F.; Korten, A. E.; Christensen, Helen; Jacomb, P. A.; Rodgers, Bryan; Parslow, Ruth

doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2003.tb00423.x

Cited by 223 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Moreover, our results agree with the earlier studies in that the mental disorder status or its association with BMI levels varies by gender. 7,20,28,29,40 However, our results differed from those of several other studies that have reported no relationship 26 or an inverse association of overweight/obesity with mental disorders in men. [27][28][29] This could be explained by the differences in study population, measurements for psychiatric disorders or potential confounding variables included in the analyses in these studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, in the study by Lawlor et al 27 , those with diagnosed mental illnesses over the follow-up period but without a need for hospitalization were not included as cases in the analysis. Another study conducted by Jorm et al 40 also reported that women who were underweight were more likely to have depression or lower emotional well-being, whereas the overweight and obese women tended to have better mental health than women with a normal BMI after controlling for potential confounding factors (including physical illnesses, lack of physical activity, poorer social support, less education and financial problems). However, this study was conducted in people aged 20À64 years from an Australian community with a small sample size (n ¼ 6919), which may partially explain the inconsistent results of this study with those of ours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Depression and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index

et al. 2009

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Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases, most of which are associated with psychiatric disorders. We examined the associations of depression and anxiety with body mass index (BMI) after taking into consideration the obesity-related comorbidities (ORCs) and other psychosocial or lifestyle factors. Methods: We analyzed the data collected from 177 047 participants (agedX18 years) in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Current depression was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 diagnostic algorithm. Lifetime diagnoses of depression, anxiety and ORCs were self-reported. The prevalence of the three psychiatric disorders was age standardized to the 2000 US population. Multivariate-adjusted prevalence ratios were computed to test associations of depression and anxiety with BMI using SUDAAN software. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of current depression, lifetime diagnosed depression and anxiety varied significantly by gender. Within each gender, the prevalence of the three psychiatric disorders was significantly higher in both men and women who were underweight (BMIo18.5 kg/m 2 ), in women who were overweight (BMI: 25-o30 kg/m 2 ) or obese (BMIX30 kg/m 2 ), and in men who had class III obesity (BMIX40 kg/m 2 ) than in those with a normal BMI (18.5Ào25 kg/m 2 ). After adjusting for demographics, ORCs, lifestyle or psychosocial factors, compared with men with a normal BMI, men with a BMIX40 kg/m 2 were significantly more likely to have current depression or lifetime diagnosed depression and anxiety; men with a BMIo18.5 kg/m 2 were also significantly more likely to have lifetime diagnosed depression. Women who were either overweight or obese were significantly more likely than women with a normal BMI to have all the three psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that disparities in the prevalence of depression and anxiety exist among people with different BMI levels independent of their disease status or other psychosocial or lifestyle factors.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Depression and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index

et al. 2009

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“…1,2,8 For example, the depression-obesity relationship appears to be dependent on sex with the association being positive in women but negative in men. [10][11][12][13] Findings such as these suggest the benefits of invoking a moderator-mediator framework.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race

et al. 2005

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Objective: Sustained depressive mood is a gateway symptom for a major depressive disorder. This paper investigated whether the association between depressive mood and obesity differs as function of sex, age, and race in US adults after controlling for socio-economic variables of martial status, employment status, income level and education level. Methods: A total of 44 800 nationally representative respondents from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey were studied. Respondents were classified as having experienced a depressive mood if they felt sad, blue, or depressed at least for 1 week in the previous month. The depressive mood was operationalized in terms of duration and sustenance, both defined based on number of days with depressive mood: 7 þ and 14 þ days. Age groups were classified as young (18-64 years) and old (65 þ years). Obesity status was classified as: not overweight/obese (BMIo25); overweight (25pBMIo30); obese (BMIX30). Results: Prevalence of prior-month depressive mood was 14.3 and 7.8% for 7 þ and 14 þ days, respectively. Controlling for race and socio-economic variables, both young overweight and obese women were significantly more likely to have experienced depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese women. Young overweight, but not obese, men were significantly more likely to have experienced depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese men. Young obese women were also significantly more likely to have a sustained depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese women. For old respondents, depressive mood and its sustenance were not associated with obesity in either sex. Discussion: The relationship between the depressive mood and obesity is dependent upon gender, age, and race. Young obese women, Hispanics in particular, are much more prone to depressive mood than nonobese women. Future studies testing associations between depression and obesity should be sensitive to the influence of these demographic and socio-economic variables.

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“…Evidence to the contrary notwithstanding, [1][2][3][4][5] an increasing number of reports based on population samples in the United States (US) and elsewhere suggests that, among women, obesity raises the risk of psychopathology at both the sub-clinical [6][7][8][9][10] and clinical [11][12][13] levels. Because it is commonly assumed that obesity engenders mental distress, conclusions drawn from such cross-sectional findings typically attribute higher depression/anxiety symptom levels or disorder rates to elevated relative body weight (weight adjusted for height or body mass index (BMI)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study

et al. 2007

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Objective: To evaluate prospective associations between elevations in body mass index (BMI) at average age 27 and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) at average age 59 in a community sample of women. Design: Three waves of data collected over three decades were drawn from mothers in the Children in the Community (CIC) Study. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate predictive effects of two BMI cutpoints (X30 and X25) on GAD and MDD independent of other risks for psychopathology. Measurements: Information about height and weight was obtained by self-report in face-to-face interviews. GAD and MDD were assessed by structured interview covering DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Other potential risk factors examined included age, race, education, prior depressive symptoms and marital status, chronic disease, social support and financial strain concurrent with GAD and MDD. Results: A baseline BMI X30 significantly increased the odds for subsequent GAD and MDD by 6.27 and 5.25 times, respectively, after adjusting for other significant risk factors. Odds of GAD also increased significantly given a baseline BMI X25 (by 2.44 times); however this association was not independent of other significant risk factors. Predictive associations between a baseline BMI X30 and MDD were not attenuated by attained BMI assessed at outcome. Conclusion: Findings extend existing evidence of the mental health consequences of obesity in a representative sample of mothers, and suggest that obesity may have long-term implications for mental distress in women at a clinical level over the adult years.

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Association of obesity with anxiety, depression and emotional well‐being: a community survey

Cited by 223 publications

References 21 publications

Depression and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index

Depression and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index

Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race

Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study

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