Association of Olfactory Bulb Volume and Olfactory Sulcus Depth with Olfactory Function in Patients with Parkinson Disease

Wang, J.; You, Hui; Liu, J.-F.; Ni, Duanyu; Zhang, Z.-X.; Guan, Jun

doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2350

Cited by 129 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Although the reported prevalence of olfactory loss in PD varies across studies, it appears that as much as 50-90% of PD patients experience varying degrees of olfactory dysfunction, and that there is no correlation between the degree of olfactory dysfunction and the duration or clinical severity of the disease (Doty et al, 1988;Stern et al, 1994;Hawkes et al, 1997;Hawkes, 2003). The pathological substrate for this olfactory loss is not clear, some studies reporting conflicting information about damage to the olfactory epithelium or changes in olfactory bulb volumes as potential sources of these deficits (Muller et al, 2005;Witt et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2011). However, various studies have now reported an increase in the total number of periglomerular dopaminergic cells in the olfactory bulb of parkinsonian patients (Huisman et al, 2004;Morley and Duda, 2010).…”

Section: Early Anosmiamentioning

confidence: 84%

Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

Smith

Wichmann

Factor

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

194

137

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The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD therapeutics. This review will discuss the significant progress that has been made in the development of new pharmacological and surgical tools to treat PD motor symptoms since this major breakthrough in the 1960s. However, we will also highlight some of the challenges the field of PD therapeutics has been struggling with during the past decades. The lack of neuroprotective therapies and the limited treatment strategies for the nonmotor symptoms of the disease (ie, cognitive impairments, autonomic dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, etc.) are among the most pressing issues to be addressed in the years to come. It appears that the combination of early PD nonmotor symptoms with imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system offers a promising path toward the identification of PD biomarkers, which, once characterized, will set the stage for efficient use of neuroprotective agents that could slow down and alter the course of the disease.

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Section: Early Anosmiamentioning

confidence: 84%

Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

Smith

Wichmann

Factor

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

194

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Age-related changes in the volume of OB have been documented in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [34], although such decrements are not specific to aging and may occur under several conditions, including smoking, chronic sinusitis, multiple sclerosis, head trauma, and schizophrenia [12]. Correlations were found between odour recognition thresholds and OB volumes in both PD patients (p < 0.05) and controls (p < 0.0001) [35]. Glomerular degeneration occurs in aged humans with AD, where the glomeruli express Aβ precursor protein, β-secretase, and the γ-secretase complex.…”

Section: Causes Of Age-related Loss Of Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction and Aging: A Mini-Review

Attems

Walker

Jellinger³

2015

Gerontology

262

198

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Decreased olfactory function is very common in the older population, being present in >50% of individuals aged between 65 and 80 years and in 62-80% of those >80 years of age. Smell dysfunction significantly influences physical well-being, quality of life, nutritional status as well as everyday safety and is associated with increased mortality. Multiple factors contribute to age-related olfactory sensory loss, including nasal engorgement, cumulative damage of the olfactory epithelium from environmental insults, a reduction in mucosal metabolizing enzymes, sensory loss of receptor cells to odorants, and changes in neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems. In addition, structural and functional abnormalities of the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, central olfactory cortex, and basic olfactory circuitry, which are related to the neuronal expression of aberrant proteins in these areas, may result in olfactory sensory impairment in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Impaired odour identification is associated with a decrease in cognitive abilities and memory decline. A reduction in the sense of smell is considered to potentially represent an early and important warning of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and, in mild cognitive impairment, olfactory impairment may herald progression to dementia. Further investigations of the potential role of olfactory dysfunction in the early diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are warranted.

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“…In one study conducted on the sense of smell, it has been suggested that PD may be detected by the presence of anosmia together with executive dysfunctions long before motor symptoms occur (Ponsen et al 2009). Additionally, hyposmia or anosmia has been reported to be an important indicator for PD and this condition has been supported by morphological studies pointing out PD to coexist with olfactory bulbus atrophy (Wang et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Assessing Olfactory Function in Parkinson’s Disease via Entropy Analysis of Chemosensory Event Related Potentials

Güdücü

Taşlıca

Çakmur

et al. 2015

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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The relationship between Parkinson's disease (PD) and olfactory dysfunction has been investigated via psychophysical and electrophysiological assessments. Despite the increasing number of electrophysiological studies focusing on olfactory function, there are still some limitations to observe the chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERP), which are electrophysiological responses of the brain to olfactory and trigeminal stimulations, because of the low sensitivity (low signal-to-noise ratio). Recent studies attempted to establish new techniques to increase the sensitivity for evaluating the CSERP and brain responsiveness. We aimed to inspect CSERP via entropy analysis in assessing chemosensory related brain responses that has been used for the first time. Twelve newly diagnosed and non-medicated PD patients and 12 healthy subjects participated in the study. Psychophysical and electrophysiological evaluation of olfaction were assessed via Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST) and entropy analysis on CSERP in three time windows. The scores of odor threshold, odor identification and total scores of SST were lower (hyposmic) in PD patients compared to healthy subjects. Electrophysiological assessments revealed a significant change in entropy among time windows for olfactory stimulation with phenyl ethyl alcohol and trigeminal stimulation with carbon dioxide (both p < 0.05) in healthy subjects but not in PD patients. Entropy findings indicate that the brain operates in ordered state among healthy subjects in response to olfactory/trigeminal stimuli, whereas the PD patients displayed a chaotic pattern. This pattern in the PD patients suggests the lack of proper smell function. It should be studied if this pattern can be used as a biomarker for PD.

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Association of Olfactory Bulb Volume and Olfactory Sulcus Depth with Olfactory Function in Patients with Parkinson Disease

Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Olfactory dysfunction is commonly associated with IPD. We here report the association of OB volume and OS depth with olfactory function in patients with PD.

Cited by 129 publications

References 34 publications

Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

Olfaction and Aging: A Mini-Review

Assessing Olfactory Function in Parkinson’s Disease via Entropy Analysis of Chemosensory Event Related Potentials

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