Association of oral mucosal alterations with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistani individuals

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Compared with a Control Group

“…Finally, 45 were discarded due to the absence of a control group or because only one selected oral pathology was studied. Only 4 papers were included in our systematic review [20–23] (Figure 1). …”

“…The prevalence of having one or more oral mucosal disorders in T2DM patients was significantly greater than that in the control group according to Saini et al (45% × 38.3%) [21], Bastos et al (88% × 45%) [22], and Mohsin et al (60.8% × 39.2%) [23]. In T1DM patients, the prevalence of having one or more oral disorders was significantly higher than that in the control group (44.7% × 25%) according to Guggenheimer et al [20].…”

“…The types of oral disorders that were found to be statistically significant in more than one of the studies included in DM patients compared with the control group were coated tongue [22, 23], fissured tongue [20, 22, 23], migratory glossitis [21, 22], and denture stomatitis [20, 21]. Every oral disorder found in DM patients and control groups of the selected papers is recorded in Table 4.…”

“…Using the predetermined 10 domains for the methodological quality assessment according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool [17], we determined all the selected papers [20–23] to have a low quality assessment (0–5 domains) and none of them to have a high quality assessment (5–10 domains). Table 3 shows a more detailed description of the articles included.…”

“…Changes of the tongue are more frequent in DM patients than in controls, such as fissured tongue [20, 22, 23], migratory glossitis [21, 22], or coated tongue [22, 23]. There is a strong association between migratory glossitis and fissured tongue [28].…”