Association of Oxidative Stress on Pregnancy

Abstract

The pathophysiological mechanism underlying pregnancy complications such as congenital malformations, miscarriage, preeclampsia, or fetal growth restriction is not entirely known. However, the negative impact of the mother’s body oxidative imbalance on the fetus and the course of gestation is increasingly discussed. This article is an integrative review of some original studies and review papers on the effects of oxidative stress on the adverse pregnancy outcomes mainly birth defects in fetuses. A systematic search for English language articles published from 2010 until 2020 was made, using MEDLINE data. Additionally, we analyzed the Cochrane and Scopus databases, discussions with experts, and a review of bibliography of articles from scientifically relevant and valuable sources. The main purposes are to assess the contribution of the existing literature of associations of oxidative stress on the etiology of the abovementioned conditions and to identify relevant information and outline existing knowledge. Furthermore, the authors aim to find any gaps in the research, thereby providing grounds for our own research. The key search terms were “oxidative stress in pregnancy,” “oxidative stress and congenital malformations,” and “oxidative stress and adverse pregnancy outcomes.” Studies have confirmed that oxidative stress has a significant impact on pregnancy and is involved in the pathomechanism of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Treadmill Exercise during Pregnancy Decreased Vulnerability to Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia through Reducing Inflammation and Increasing Antiapoptotic Gene Expressions and Antioxidant Capacity in Rats

“…The pathophysiological mechanisms of many diseases and complications of pregnancy are not well understood. However, studies have shown that oxidative stress is involved in most maternal and fetal complications (e.g., miscarriage, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm labour) [ 18 ].…”

Extracellular Vesicles from Maternal Uterine Cells Exposed to Risk Factors cause Fetal Inflammatory Response

“…Both physiological and pathological communications can be mediated between the mother and the fetus via exosomes. Since all uterine cells constantly secrete exosomes, their cargo is likely involved in maintaining balanced tissue functions 45,46 . Pathological changes to cells, in response to endogenous or exogenous factors during pregnancy, produce exosomes that are capable of causing a parturition-associated fetal in ammatory state through delivery of pro-in ammatory mediators 24 .…”

Hubungan Kadar Cuprum dan Malondialdehyde Pada Kehamilan

“…Pada awal kehamilan, plasenta sangat vaskuler dan terpapar tekanan oksigen arteri yang tinggi dari ibu. Akibatnya, plasenta meningkatkan produksi ROS (Toboła-Wróbel et al, 2020). Pada kehamilan, metabolisme dan metal transisi seperti Cu akan meningkat.…”

“…Berkebalikan dengan kadar Cu, kadar MDA trimester II lebih tinggi dibanding trimester III (p<0,05). Hasil ini sesuai dengan penelitian terdahulu (Toboła-Wróbel et al, 2020) yang menyatakan bahwa level lipid peroksidasi serum meningkat pada wanita hamil normal, mencapai konsentrasi maksimal pada trimester II, kemudian menurun sampai ke level yang sama dengan trimester I. Kehamilan merupakan kondisi yang rentan terjadi stres oksidatif. Kerentanan ini berhubungan dengan produksi enzim NAD(P)H Oksidase dan Xantin Oksidase oleh plasenta, plasenta yang kaya mitokondria serta perubahan fisiologik dan metabolik kehamilan yang semuanya meningkatkan produksi ROS.…”

“…Keseluruhan antioksidan di atas yang dicerminkan dengan Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) menurun pada trimester I yang kemudian meningkat bertahap selama masa kehamilan. Terakhir, penurunan MDA pada trimester III dibanding trimester II mungkin juga merupakan akibat dari semakin meningkatnya antioksidan eksogen vitamin E pada progresi kehamilan (Toboła-Wróbel et al, 2020).…”