Objectives
Biopsies remain the gold standard in the diagnosis of intestinal transplant (ITx) rejection, and gastrointestinal endoscopy plays a pivotal role in patient management. Herein, we describe a single center 23 year endoscopic experience in pediatric ITx recipients.
Methods
A retrospective review of endoscopy and pathology reports of all ITx recipients <18 years old transplanted between 1991 and 2013 was performed with the aim of describing the procedural indications, findings, and complications.
Results
A total of 1770 endoscopic procedures within 1014 sessions were performed. Combination EGD and ileoscopy was the most common procedure (36%). Increased stool output (35%) and surveillance endoscopy (32%) were the most common indications. 162 episodes of biopsy proven rejection were diagnosed. First episode of rejection occurred at a median of 1 month post-ITx. 45% of histology-proven rejection had normal appearing endoscopies. The rate of procedural complications including but not limited to bleeding and perforation was 1.8%.
Conclusions
Endoscopy with biopsy plays a significant role in the care of ITx recipients. Multiple procedures are required for graft surveillance, diagnosis of rejection, subsequent treatment, and follow-up of therapy. The gross endoscopic appearance, particularly in mild to moderate acute cellular rejection, does not correlate well with histology. Complex anatomy, complication rates which are higher than non-ITx pediatric endoscopy cases, and timely histologic interpretation by experienced pathologists are reasons that these procedures should be performed at centers accustomed to caring for ITx recipients. The field would benefit from the development of a noninvasive biomarker to reliably and efficiently detect rejection.