Association of Relative Backpack Weight With Reported Pain, Pain Sites, Medical Utilization, and Lost School Time in Children and Adolescents

Moore, Michael J.; White, Gregory L.; Moore, Donna L.

doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00198.x

Cited by 91 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…From this review it became apparent that factors other than backpack weight can generate pain, perceived exertion or discomfort; the reported factors were gender [15,16,39,40,43,54], age and grade in school [2,15,39,48,54], subject's body mass index [5,47], the amount of time using the backpack and walking to and from school [10,41,47,48,53]. Girls experience more pain that boys, this could be because, boys have a stronger musculoskeletal system, also they might have higher threshold of pain based on differences between physiological and psychological factors between genders [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Golriz

Walker

2011

BMR

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Abstract.Purpose: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to answer the following questions: 1. Does usage or weight of load carriage system cause pain, perceived exertion or discomfort? 2. Can load carriage system placement on the spine influence pain, perceived exertion or discomfort? 3. Can load carriage system design influence the amount of pain, perceived exertion or discomfort caused by their use? Method: Eight databases were searched. Each included study was analysed and quality appraised by two independent reviewers. Results: Forty-seven articles that addressed the research questions were included in the study. Significant variability in the study design and populations of the studies prevented data pooling and the evidence is conflicting. However, qualitative synthesis of the studies shows that carrying loads may provoke low back pain; and it may also trigger neck, thoracic and shoulder pain. Backpack weight can influence perceived pain, however other factors are involved. Discussion: There is conflicting but positive evidence on the correlation between backpack load carrying and experiencing pain during different stages of life. The research to date is lacking with the most commonly identified methodological deficiencies being poor overall design, the lack of justification of sample size, providing training sessions for examiners, and not utilising calibrated, valid and reliable instruments for measurement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Golriz

Walker

2011

BMR

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“…However, the relationship between schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal discomfort is not always clear as it has been found that the percent bodyweight (%BW) carried was both associated [5,19] and not associated [20,21] with musculoskeletal discomfort. Previous studies are mostly cross-sectional [10,20,21,25,29] and therefore have not been able to establish a dose-response relationship between schoolbag carriage and musculoskeletal discomfort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study of the dose-response relationship between schoolbag weight and schoolbag-related discomfort concluded that the weight limit guidelines should be reviewed [22]. Additionally the focus of earlier studies has primarily been on back pain, but evidence indicates that schoolbag-related shoulder pain may be a greater problem than back pain [4,19,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Dockrell

Blake

Simms

2016

WOR

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Abstract. BACKGROUND:There is no global agreement on a schoolbag weight limit and little assessment of its utility. The duration of carriage is another factor yet there is no previous systematic assessment of the utility of cut-off values for it in identifying schoolbag-related discomfort. OBJECTIVES:The objectives were to establish if there was a threshold for musculoskeletal discomfort based on (i) percentage bodyweight (%BW) of the schoolbag; (ii) duration of carriage; or (iii) combined %BW and duration. METHODS: Using data from 462 primary school children, a novel experimental approach was used to explore the utility of conventional schoolbag weight limit guidelines and duration of carriage. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to examine the predictive performance of schoolbag weight and duration of carriage. RESULTS: The mean schoolbag weight (4.8 ± 1.43 kg) represented a mean 12.4 ± 4.18%BW. Only 30.7% of the sample carried schoolbags that were ≤10%BW. The majority (76%) carried schoolbags to school for ≤10 minutes. No %BW, duration of carriage or mechanical burden criterion provided a threshold cut-off point for accurately predicting schoolbag-related discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines for safe schoolbag carriage that are based on mechanical factors alone could not be upheld. The association between duration of carriage and back discomfort warrants further investigation.

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“…A literatura, como um todo, recomenda o percentual de 10% e de 15% (Whittifielf, Legg, & Hedderley, 2005). Contudo, alguns estudos questionam a utilização desses percentuais e relacionam-nos com um trabalho excessivo de determinados grupos musculares e a alterações significativas nos ângulos articulares durante as atividades diárias (Hong & Brueggmann, 2000;Moore, White, & Moore, 2007;Seven, Akalan, & Yucesoy, 2008). Transportar mochilas com peso excessivo e de forma habitual apresenta um impacto cumulativo na postura dessas crianças.…”

Section: Lg Ries M Martinello M Medeiros M Cardoso Gm Saunclassified

Os efeitos de diferentes pesos de mochila no alinhamento postural de crianças em idade escolar.

Ries¹,

Martinello²,

Medeiros³

et al. 2012

Motricidade

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RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito imediato de diferentes pesos de mochila na postura corporal e avaliar a confiabilidade dessas medidas. Foram avaliados 50 escolares com idades entre oito e 14 anos. Os escolares foram fotografados no plano coronal anterior e sagital, com diferentes cargas relativas ao peso: sem mochila, com o peso habitualmente utilizado, com 10% do peso corporal (PC), 15 % do PC e 20% do PC. Para comparar os ângulos de assimetria da cabeça, de ombros, pélvica, do trocanter, dos joelhos, maleolar, corporal, sagital da cabeça, sagital dos ombros e sagital corporal foi utilizada a Análise de Variância para Medidas Repetidas e o Teste de Friedman. A confiabilidade foi analisada por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no ângulo sagital cervical (p < .00), no ângulo sagital corporal (p < .00) e no ângulo sagital dos ombros (p < .01) com o aumento da carga. Também obteve-se alta confiabilidade inter-avaliador (ICC entre .83 a .99) para todos os ângulos avaliados nas diferentes posturas (p < .05). Este estudo não sustenta a recomendação de que o peso da mochila não deve exceder 10% do PC, já que cargas inferiores também ocasionaram anteriorização da cabeça e do corpo. Palavras-chave: postura, peso corporal, estudantes ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effect of different weights of backpack on body posture and assess the reliability of these measures. Were evaluated 50 students aged between eight and 14 years old. The students were photographed in the coronal and sagittal planes with different backpack loads: no backpack, the weight commonly used, with 10%, 15% and 20% of body weight. To compare the angles of asymmetry of the head, shoulders, pelvis, trochanter, knee, malleolus, body, sagittal head, shoulder sagittal and sagittal body was used ANOVA for repeated measures and the Friedman test. Reliability was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Statistically significant difference were observed in the sagittal angle of the head (p < .00), in the sagittal body angle (p < .00) and the sagittal angle of the shoulders (p < .01) with increasing load. The data shows high inter-rater reliability (ICC > .83) for all angles measured in different postures (p < .05). This study does not support the recommendation that the weight of the backpack should not exceed 10% of body weight since smaller loads also caused anterior displacement of the head and body.

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Association of Relative Backpack Weight With Reported Pain, Pain Sites, Medical Utilization, and Lost School Time in Children and Adolescents

Abstract: The 10% cutoff is recommended along with a variety of practical methods to help schools achieve that goal for middle and high school students.

Cited by 91 publications

References 34 publications

Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Can load carriage system weight, design and placement affect pain and discomfort? A systematic review

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Os efeitos de diferentes pesos de mochila no alinhamento postural de crianças em idade escolar.

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