Association of Serum 25(OH)D with Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Women of Childbearing Age

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and the related genetic and non-genetic factors in non-diabetic women of childbearing age in China. Methods: Subjects were randomly selected from the 2015 Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. The data of sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors were obtained through questionnaire survey. Anthropometry was measured by trained interviewers, and fasting blood was collected to test 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and other related parameters. Generalized linear mode and multivariate logistic analysis were performed to analyze the associations between serum 25(OH)D and MetS and its components, adjusting for the possible confounders. Results: Body mass index (BMI), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 25(OH)D, phosphorus (P), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were associated with the number of MetS’s components. G allele carriers of GC rs2282679 had higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and FBG levels compared with the TT genotypes, while higher genetic risk score (GRS) seemed to be associated with reduced HDL-C level. The odds ratio (OR) for MetS in lowest group of 25(OH)D was 1.533 (0.980–2.399) after adjusting for season, district, area type, latitude, age, BMI, PTH, P, ALT, CRE, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hs-CRP, compared with the median group, but the association was not significant. An insufficient 25(OH)D concentration (<14.22 ng/mL) was significantly related to the risk of elevated waist circumference (WC) (OR = 1.612 (1.014–2.561)) and TG (OR = 2.210 (1.318–3.706)), and reduced HDL-C (OR = 1.639 (1.206–2.229)) after adjusting for the confounders among these women. Moreover, these relationships were not affected by vitamin D metabolism-related gene polymorphisms. Conclusion: After comprehensively considering various influencing factors, significant associations between insufficient serum 25(OH)D and MetS‘s components, including elevated WC, TG, and reduced HDL-C, were observed. However, MetS, hypertension, and hyperglycemia were not found independently associated with 25(OH)D levels.

Association of vitamin D levels with anthropometric and adiposity indicators across all age groups: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies

“…After careful screening of 2803 full texts, we also excluded 2731 more studies because they evaluated the relationship between serum levels of 25(OH)D with an outcome other than anthropometric/adiposity indices, were clinical trials, animal or in vitro studies in design, editorial, and reviews, or the participants of the studies were unhealthy (with chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, or chronic kidney disease). Ultimately, 72 studies ( 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , …”

“…Our systematic search identified 42 cross-sectional studies ( 12 , 13 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 83 , 84 , 85 ) and two cohort investigations ( 60 , 78 ) (with 33,815 participants) that investigated the potential relationship between 25(OH)D serum concentrations and anthropometric/adiposity indices in adults and/or elderly population. The studies about the link between 25(OH)D serum level and anthropometric indices in adults and/or elderly population were carried out in the following countries: 9 studies from USA, 3 from UK, 3 from Spain, 2 from Turkey, 4 from Saudi Arabia, 2 from Iran, 2 from India, 2 from Italy, 2 from Germany, and 18 others from China, UAE, Pakistan, Australia, Finland, England, Portugal, Malaysia, Bulgaria, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Greece, New Zealand, and the Netherlands.…”

“…The age of participants was >18 years old. Among the included studies, 27 articles ( 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 84 , 85 ) involved both sexes, and 17 investigations conducted in females ( 12 , 13 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ) and males ( 69 , 70 , 71 ) only. The included studies mostly considered the following potential confounders: age, sex, season of blood sampling, smoking, vitamin D status, body fat mess, weight, height, BMI, IGF-1, PTH, UVB, alcohol, tobacco, sports, use of multivitamin supplements, menopausal status/HRT use, physical activity, socioeconomic status, income, job, obesity, education level, lifestyle, sun exposure, lean mass, nutrient intake, residence type, race, ethnicity, serum calcium, magnesium and phosphate, GFR, 25(OH)D, CRP, WC, month of blood collection, marital status, district, area, latitude, phosphorus, serum alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and IL-6.…”

“… Age Obese women had lower levels of 25(OH)D and higher PTH than nonobese. 6 Shan ( 13 ), 2022 China; Chinese Cross-sectional 1505 F 30.04 (23.98–37.81) Women of childbearing age Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy/electrochemiluminescence immunoassay – Height, weight, WC, BMI. Season, district, area, latitude, age, BMI, PTH, P, ALT, CRE, IL-6, hs-CRP Insufficient 25(OH)D was significantly related to the risk of elevated WC after adjusting for confounders.…”

“…Mechanisms contributing to low vitamin D levels in obesity involve volumetric dilution, sequestration into adipose tissue, limited sunlight exposure, and reduced vitamin D synthesis in adipose tissue and the liver ( 11 ). Studies have suggested that low vitamin D levels may influence adipose tissue differentiation and growth, impacting obesity through gene expression regulation or by modulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and leptin ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). While several observational studies have explored the link between vitamin D status and body weight, comprehensive evaluations of the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and anthropometric and adiposity indicators in both adults and children are lacking.…”