Association of serum total 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancies-specific mortality in patients with hyperlipidemia in the United States

Abstract

BackgroundVitamin D (VD) plays an important role in decreasing the risk of adverse events for various metabolic diseases. However, for patients with hyperlipidemia, the relationship between the main VD storage within the body known as serum 25-hydroxy-VD [25(OH)VD] and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancies-specific mortality is still unclear.Materials and methodsA total of 6740 participants above the age of 20 years with hyperlipidemia who completed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2016 and were followed up until 2019 were included in the study. The weighted Cox proportional hazards regression model and weighted competing risk regression model were used to evaluate the risk for all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy-related mortality in relation to the serum 25(OH)VD. The model was adjusted according to age, gender, race, body mass index, lipids status, medication usage, the Charlson comorbidity index and healthy eating index. The last restricted cubic spline (RCS) method was used to present the relationship between hazard ratios (HR) associated with diverse cause-specified modalities and the serum 25(OH)VD levels.ResultsSerum 25(OH)VD was identified as an independent factor for mortality. Lower serum 25(OH)VD under the threshold of 25.6 and 25.2 ng/ml were significantly associated with a higher risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities, respectively. However, no association was found between malignancy-specific mortality and serum 25(OH)VD.ConclusionSerum 25(OH)VD were identified as an independent factor associated with risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities in patient with hyperlipidemia. Moreover, lower serum 25(OH)VD than 25.6 and 25.2 ng/mL were, respectively, associated with a gradual increase in a risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with hyperlipidemia, and therefore regular monitoring of VD levels and correction of VD deficiency is recommended in those patients.

Association of serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration and risk of mortality in cancer survivors in the United States

“…Remarkably, these thresholds exceed the serum 25(OH)D concentrations presently advised for the general population, suggesting that our findings could potentially inform revisions to nutritional recommendations for cancer survivors. Studies encompassing diverse cohorts, such as individuals with hypertension [ 11 ], type 2 diabetes [ 12 , 41 ], hyperlipidemia [ 13 ], metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease [ 40 ], postmenopausal women [ 42 ], and patients with psoriasis [ 43 ], has similarly elucidated the dose–response relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration and mortality risk. Notably, their RCS curves indicated the optimal lowest serum 25(OH)D concentrations were below the commonly recommended concentration of 75 nmol/L.…”

“…It is well-established that 25-hydroxy-VD [25(OH)D] serves as a reliable biomarker for assessing VD status in the body because of its stability and prolonged half-life in the bloodstream [ 10 ]. Serum 25(OH)D, the principal storage form of VD and direct precursor to its active form [ 4 ], has been identified the thresholds associated with the lowest mortality risk in patients with conditions like hypertension [ 11 ], diabetes [ 12 ], and hyperlipidemia [ 13 ] in several studies. While previous studies have explored the impact of VD supplementation on mortality in cancer patients [ 14 , 15 ], the findings have been inconsistent [ 14 ].…”

Association between serum calcium level and type 2 diabetes: An NHANES analysis and Mendelian randomization study

“…Hypertension was defined as participants with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or current use of anti‐hypertensive medication 17 . Hyperlipidaemia was defined as low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) ≥130 mg/dL (3.37 mmol/L), triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L) or high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) <40 mg/ dL (1.04 mmol/L) in men, 50 mg/dL (1.30 mmol/L) in women or taking lipid‐lowering medication 18 . Data on calcium intake were assessed by a 2‐day 24‐h dietary recall.…”

“…17 Hyperlipidaemia was defined as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥130 mg/dL (3.37 mmol/L), triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L) or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) <40 mg/ dL (1.04 mmol/L) in men, 50 mg/dL (1.30 mmol/L) in women or taking lipidlowering medication. 18 Data on calcium intake were assessed by a 2-day 24-h dietary recall. All participants were eligible to participate in two 24-h dietary recall interviews.…”

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the sunlight exposure questionnaire

“…Moreover, a large number of epidemiological studies have substantiated the correlation between sunlight exposure levels and a diminished risk of all-cause mortality ( 5 ), as well as various related diseases such as myopia ( 6 ), asthma ( 7 ), type 1 diabetes ( 8 ), autism ( 9 ), colorectal cancer ( 10 ), and Alzheimer’s disease ( 11 ). Additionally, a potential mechanism underlying the connection between sunlight and public health is the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the human skin into vitamin D. This process is essential for the vitamin D synthesis of the body ( 12 , 13 ), a deficiency of which can contribute to osteoporosis ( 14 ), multiple sclerosis ( 15 ), diabetes mellitus ( 16 , 17 ), cardiovascular diseases ( 18 ), sleep disorders ( 19 , 20 ), obesity ( 21 ), depression ( 22 ), and anxiety and cognitive impairment ( 23 , 24 ).…”