Association of Sleep Duration, Napping, and Sleep Patterns With Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Nationwide Twin Study

Abstract

Background Although sleep disorders have been linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the association between sleep characteristics and CVDs remains inconclusive. We aimed to examine the association of nighttime sleep duration, daytime napping, and sleep patterns with CVDs and explore whether genetic and early‐life environmental factors account for this association. Methods and Results In the Swedish Twin Registry, 12 268 CVD‐free twin individuals (mean age=70.3 years) at baseline were followed up to 18 years to detect incident CVDs. Sleep duration, napping, and sleep patterns (assessed by sleep duration, chronotype, insomnia, snoring, and daytime sleepiness) were self‐reported at baseline. CVDs were ascertained through the Swedish National Patient Registry and the Cause of Death Register. Data were analyzed using a Cox model. In the multiadjusted Cox model, compared with 7 to 9 hours/night, the hazard ratios (HRs) of CVDs were 1.14 (95% CI, 1.01–1.28) for <7 hours/night and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.00–1.21) for ≥10 hours/night, respectively. Compared with no napping, napping 1 to 30 minutes (HR, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.03–1.18]) and >30 minutes (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.14–1.33]) were related to CVDs. Furthermore, a poor sleep pattern was associated with CVDs (HR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.05–1.41]). The co‐twin matched control analyses showed similar results as the unmatched analyses, and there was no significant interaction between sleep characteristics and zygosity ( P values >0.05). Conclusions Short or long sleep (<7 or ≥10 hours/night), napping, and poor sleep patterns are associated with an increased CVD risk. Genetic and early‐life environmental factors may not account for the sleep–CVD association.

The Indicative Effects of Apolipoproteins on organic Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosed by the Nocturnal Penile Tumescence and Rigidity Test

“…Age, systolic blood pressure, HDL, fasting blood sugar levels, TC, usage of anti-hypertensive medications, sedentary lifestyles, smoking, sleep deprivation, and irregular sleep patterns are vascular risk factors (8, [17][18][19], The patients were split into two groups: those with low and high vascular risk. Our study found that age, SP, TC, and GLU were increased in the high vascular risk group, which was consistent with the grouping results.…”

“…Age, gender, systolic blood pressure, TC, smoking habits, HDL, usage of antihypertensive medicines, fasting blood glucose levels and sedentary lifestyles are the key vascular risk factors for the population (8). Sleep deprivation and poor sleep patterns are valuable for the screening of patients with an increased risk of CVD (17,18). Patients with less than three vascular risk factors (other than sex) were categorized as having low vascular risk, whereas those with three or more vascular risk factors (other than sex) were categorized as having high vascular risk (19).…”

Reduced left hippocampal perfusion is associated with insomnia in patients with cerebral small vessel disease

“…Inclusion criteria: Persons (1) Aged between 50 and 85 years; (2) With one or more cerebral vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking; (3) With typical characteristics of CSVDs in MRI scanning: WHMs (Fazekas 1 and above) are necessary, encephalography, subcortical infarction, perivascular space enlargement, and cerebral micro bleedings; (4) With symptoms involved in non-embolic lacunar stroke (unilateral motor/sensory impairment affecting at least two parts of the body (face, upper extremity, lower extremity, cognitive impairment, gait impairment, dysphagia, dysuria, and mood disorders.…”

“…Short-time duration of sleep is associated with late-onset dementia 2 . In addition, sleep time <7 hours or >10 hours/night, napping, and poor sleep patterns are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease 3 . Goldman et al found that glymphatic failure during sleep was associated with the risk of dementia, 4 and Hong et al found that hippocampal subfield atrophy in chronic insomnia was associated with impaired cognition 5 .…”

The role of sleep in the human brain and body: insights from multi-organ imaging genetics

“…Human health is closely related to sleep chronotypes 45 , which are behavioral manifestations of circadian rhythms 79 . In perspective studies, early chronotype is often regarded as a sign of healthy sleep behavior 80,81 . Individuals with an early chronotype are typically at a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular diseases 82 and heart failure 81 .…”