Association of the N100 TMS-evoked potential with attentional processes: A motor cortex TMS–EEG study

Kaarre, Outi; Äikiä, Marja; Kallioniemi, Elisa; Könönen, Mervi; Kekkonen, Virve; Heikkinen, Noora; Kivimäki, Petri; Tolmunen, Tommi; Määttä, Sara; Laukkanen, Eila

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.01.004

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The highest mean N100 amplitude during hot spot stimulation was recorded at electrode C5 (see Supplementary Table A.1). This topographical maximum is in line with previous findings that report widely distributed N100 topographies posterior to C3 (Paus et al, 2001;Bonato et al, 2006;Bruckmann et al, 2012;Määttä et al, 2017;Kaarre et al, 2018). We, therefore, used C5 and defined the N100 peak as the most FIGURE 1 | (A) Model of the mapping grid with the corners of the grid named after cardinal points (North, East, South, West) (upper row) as well as a scheme of the stimulation coil (lower row) pictured with the approximate alignment in relation to the shape of the head (view is from the top of the head with the nose pointing upward).…”

Section: N100supporting

confidence: 93%

“…Instead, we observed a stable ipsilateral, posterior topographic maximum with small, statistically insignificant topography changes in the expected directions in the group grand average. This result is consistent with earlier findings on ipsilateral topographies (Bender et al, 2005;Bonato et al, 2006;Jarczok et al, 2016), but the existing literature is inconsistent regarding the exact relationship between N100 topography and coil placement: Although some studies report N100 topographies slightly anterior to our topography at C3 (e.g., Ferreri et al, 2011) or medial central near the vertex (Du et al, 2017;Spieser et al, 2010), more widely distributed N100 topographies during primary motor cortex stimulation have also been described, often in centroparietal and parieto-occipital regions, posterior and lateral to C3 (for the left hemisphere) (Paus et al, 2001;Bonato et al, 2006;Bruckmann et al, 2012;Määttä et al, 2017;Kaarre et al, 2018). These latter results are consistent with the topography reported in our experiment.…”

Section: N100 Topography Amplitude and Latencymentioning

confidence: 56%

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Local Differences in Cortical Excitability – A Systematic Mapping Study of the TMS-Evoked N100 Component

et al. 2021

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with simultaneous electroencephalography applied to the primary motor cortex provides two parameters for cortical excitability: motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of systematic coil shifts on both the TEP N100 component and MEPs in addition to the relationship between both parameters. In 12 healthy adults, the center of a standardized grid was fixed above the hot spot of the target muscle of the left primary motor cortex. Twelve additional positions were arranged in a quadratic grid with positions between 5 and 10 mm from the hot spot. At each of the 13 positions, TMS single pulses were applied. The topographical maximum of the resulting N100 was located ipsilateral and slightly posterior to the stimulation site. A source analysis revealed an equivalent dipole localized more deeply than standard motor cortex coordinates that could not be explained by a single seeded primary motor cortex dipole. The N100 topography might not only reflect primary motor cortex activation, but also sum activation of the surrounding cortex. N100 amplitude and latency decreased significantly during stimulation anterior-medial to the hot spot although MEP amplitudes were smaller at all other stimulation sites. Therefore, N100 amplitudes might be suitable for detecting differences in local cortical excitability. The N100 topography, with its maximum located posterior to the stimulation site, possibly depends on both anatomical characteristics of the stimulated cortex and differences in local excitability of surrounding cortical areas. The less excitable anterior cortex might contribute to a more posterior maximum. There was no correlation between N100 and MEP amplitudes, but a single-trial analysis revealed a trend toward larger N100 amplitudes in trials with larger MEPs. Thus, functionally efficient cortical excitation might increase the probability of higher N100 amplitudes, but TEPs are also generated in the absence of MEPs.

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Section: N100supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: N100 Topography Amplitude and Latencymentioning

confidence: 56%

Local Differences in Cortical Excitability – A Systematic Mapping Study of the TMS-Evoked N100 Component

et al. 2021

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“…Again, our review observes that some of the TBS modulatory effect may not lead to significant behavioral moderation, and such changes may only be captured through other non-behavioral complementary techniques, such as EEG, PET, and fMRI. Previous TMS studies have demonstrated that it is possible to use imaging and signal detection techniques alongside behavioral tasks, such as n -back (Ko et al, 2008 ; Hautzel et al, 2009 ; Ott et al, 2011 ; Hoy et al, 2015 ; Kaarre et al, 2018 ). The use of multimodal techniques augments the results and makes it possible to have a vivid understanding of the behavioral and physiological impact of TBS on a specific brain region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Effects of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Human Cognition: A Systematic Review

Ngetich

Zhou

Jin

et al. 2020

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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Theta burst stimulation is increasingly growing in popularity as a non-invasive method of moderating corticospinal networks. Theta burst stimulation uses gamma frequency trains applied at the rhythm of theta, thus, mimicking theta–gamma coupling involved in cognitive processes. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found to play a crucial role in numerous cognitive processes. Here, we include 25 studies for review to determine the cognitive effects of continuous theta burst stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; 20 of these studies are healthy participant and five are patient (pharmacotherapy-resistant depression) studies. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the included studies, only a descriptive approach is used and meta-analytics ruled out. The cognitive effect is measured on various cognitive domains: attention, working memory, planning, language, decision making, executive function, and inhibitory and cognitive control. We conclude that continuous theta burst stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex mainly inhibits cognitive performance. However, in some instances, it can lead to improved performance by inhibiting the effect of distractors or other competing irrelevant cognitive processes. To be precise, continuous theta burst stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impaired attention, inhibitory control, planning, and goal-directed behavior in decision making but also improved decision making by reducing impulsivity. Conversely, continuous theta burst stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impaired executive function, working, auditory feedback regulation, and cognitive control but accelerated the planning, decision-making process. These findings constitute a useful contribution to the literature on the cognitive effects of continuous theta burst stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

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“…Similarly, in a recent TMS-EEG study in healthy adults, poorer performance in the attention task was related to larger N100 amplitudes, indicating more pronounced GABA B ergic inhibition. This was hypothesized to result from a more excitable cortex that needs more inhibition to maintain its balance (Kaarre et al, 2018). Neuroplasticity is heightened during periods of brain development (Ismail, Fatemi, & Johnston, 2017), and developmental changes in both glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms are thought to underlie the experience-dependent plasticity of cortical circuits (Murphy, Beston, Boley, & Jones, 2005).…”

Section: Waveformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maturation changes the excitability and effective connectivity of the frontal lobe: A developmental TMS–EEG study

Määttä

Säïsänen

Kallioniemi

et al. 2019

Human Brain Mapping

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The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation with simultaneous electroencephalography (TMS–EEG) offers direct neurophysiological insight into excitability and connectivity within neural circuits. However, there have been few developmental TMS–EEG studies to date, and they all have focused on primary motor cortex stimulation. In the present study, we used navigated high‐density TMS–EEG to investigate the maturation of the superior frontal cortex (dorsal premotor cortex [PMd]), which is involved in a broad range of motor and cognitive functions known to develop with age. We demonstrated that reactivity to frontal cortex TMS decreases with development. We also showed that although frontal cortex TMS elicits an equally complex TEP waveform in all age groups, the statistically significant between‐group differences in the topography of the TMS‐evoked peaks and differences in current density maps suggest changes in effective connectivity of the right PMd with maturation. More generally, our results indicate that direct study of the brain's excitability and effective connectivity via TMS–EEG co‐registration can also be applied to pediatric populations outside the primary motor cortex, and may provide useful information for developmental studies and studies on developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Association of the N100 TMS-evoked potential with attentional processes: A motor cortex TMS–EEG study

Cited by 23 publications

References 51 publications

Local Differences in Cortical Excitability – A Systematic Mapping Study of the TMS-Evoked N100 Component

Local Differences in Cortical Excitability – A Systematic Mapping Study of the TMS-Evoked N100 Component

Assessing the Effects of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Human Cognition: A Systematic Review

Maturation changes the excitability and effective connectivity of the frontal lobe: A developmental TMS–EEG study

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