Association of TNF −1031 C/C as a potential protection marker for leprosy development in Amazonas state patients, Brazil

Advances in the Immunology and Genetics of Leprosy

“…This region encodes pleiotropic cytokines TNF and LTA, which have various immune regulatory functions. Moreover, the most frequently involved SNP of TNF in infectious diseases, TNF-308 G>A (rs1800629), has been widely studied in leprosy with different ethnicities, including Nepalese, Brazilians, and Indians (115,141,142). However, these studies obtained inconsistent results for the association of TNF-308 G>A with leprosy, which inspired a meta-analysis of 14 studies on this topic (143).…”

Frequency ofTNFA,INFG, andIL10Gene Polymorphisms and Their Association with MalariaVivaxand Genomic Ancestry

“…The frequency of the presence of the A allele at the -238 and -376 positions is low worldwide. In the Brazilian Amazon, previous indices ranged from 5 to 7% [19, 68], and no associations were described with vivax malaria in Pará [19]. In contrast, the GA genotype was associated with psoriasis in southeastern Brazil [69], and the A allele was associated with a decrease in falciparum malaria parasitemia in Burkina Faso [30], cerebral malaria in Kenya [70], and malarial anemia [62].…”

“…and in other Brazilian population (27.9%) [68]. In malaria, this SNP was associated with cytokine levels and clinical symptoms but not with susceptibility in India [27].…”

“…In Africa, the CC genotype is associated with repeated malaria episodes by P. falciparum [47, 65] and the T allele is associated with high parasitemia [30]. In Brazil, the CC genotype is associated with protection against leprosy but not malaria vivax [68]. …”

Table_7.XLSX

“…Genetic changes can modify the transcription levels of a gene, and polymorphisms can occur not only in a protein-coding region (exon) but also in non-coding regions (intron and promoter region of the gene) and, therefore, influence the amount or composition of the protein produced by the gene (Santos et al, 2002;Moraes et al, 2004). Several genes have been associated with leprosy and are involved in susceptibility to leprosy in two different stages: leprosy per se and the development of different clinical forms (Sapkota et al, 2010;Silva et al, 2015;Tarique et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2018).…”