Association of Triiodothyronine Levels With Prostate Cancer Histopathological Differentiation and Tumor Stage

Ovčariček, Petra Petranović; Fröbe, Ana; Verburg, Frederik A.; Murgić, Jure; Butković, Marija Bosak; Ovčariček, Slaven; Mažuran, Berislav; Krušlin, Božo; Jakovcevic, Danica; Šoipi, Šoip; Ružić, Boris; Milošević, Milan; Krilić, Dražena; Franceschi, Maja; Jukić, Tomislav

doi:10.21873/anticanres.14199

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Recent prospective research also suggests that T3 positively correlates with less differentiated prostate cancer, i.e., higher levels were detected in patients with prostate cancer Grade Groups 3-5 compared with patients with prostate cancer Grade Groups 1-2. Also, higher T3 levels positively correlated with a higher pathologic T stage of the disease, and with a higher tumor percentage involvement [28].…”

Section: Clinical Studies and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Higher thyroid hormone levels and cancer

Ovčariček

Verburg

Hoffmann

et al. 2020

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Purpose This narrative review aims to summarize the relationship between hyperthyroidism, upper reference range thyroid hormone (TH) levels, and cancer, and to address the clinical management of hyperthyroidism in cancer patients. Methods A comprehensive search was performed by an independent reviewer through Google Scholar and PubMed Electronic databases. All searches were restricted to English language manuscripts published between 2000 and 2020.Results Numerous in vitro, in vivo, and population-based studies suggest cancer-stimulating effect of triiodothyronine and thyroxin. THs are presented as mediators for tumor growth, proliferation, and progression. Many population and case-control studies suggest an increased risk of several solid but also hematologic malignancies in relation to hyperthyroidism and upper normal range TH levels. However, results are not unambiguous. In this review, we will summarize population and case-control studies that investigated the relationship between hyperthyroidism, upper reference range TH levels, lower thyrotropin (TSH) levels, lower reference range TSH levels with cancer risk, cancer prognosis, and cancer outcome. The vast majority of evidence suggests an association between clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism with the risk of developing several types of cancer. Furthermore, hyperthyroidism is also linked with a poorer cancer prognosis. In this review, we will also discuss the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in patients with pre-existing cancer and cover the management of hyperthyroidism in cancer patients, with special attention on the role of nuclear medicine. Conclusions It is crucial to emphasize the importance of the rapid establishment of euthyroidism, and consequently, the importance of radioiodine therapy, as the therapy of choice in most cancer patients. We want to show that in this day and age there still is a high relevance for I-131 to achieve a permanent solution and thus likely reduce the risk of adverse influence of hyperthyroidism on the occurrence of new and course of existing cancer cases.

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Section: Clinical Studies and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Higher thyroid hormone levels and cancer

Ovčariček

Verburg

Hoffmann

et al. 2020

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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“…Mondul et al ( 54 ) did not find an association between overall hyperthyroidism and prostate cancer risk (20 cases/75), while several other studies have shown that hyperthyroid subjects ( 53 ) and subjects with low levels of TSH <0.50 mU/L (10 cases/160) ( 50 ) or high physiological levels of free T4 (126 cases/1623) have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer ( 55 ). Moreover, a positive association between T3 levels and prostate cancer aggressiveness, based on the Gleason score, tumor grade, and/or tumor percentage involvement, was reported in euthyroid patients ( 56 , 57 ). Overall, these data suggest that physiological increments of free T4 or subclinical (decrease in TSH levels) and frank hyperthyroidism (decrease in TSH and increase in THs) increase the risk of developing prostate cancer, whereas incremented levels of T3 seem to be associated with more aggressive tumors.…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Thyroid Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prostate gland as a target organ of thyroid hormones: advances and controversies

Anguiano

Delgado‐González

et al. 2022

Endocrine Connections

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Thyroid hormones are involved in the development and function of the male reproductive system, but their effects on the prostate have been poorly studied. This work reviews studies related to the interrelationship between the thyroid and prostate. The information presented here is based upon bibliographic searches in PubMed using the following search terms: prostate combined with thyroid hormone or triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or deiodinase. We identified and searched 49 articles directly related to the issue, and discarded studies related to endocrine disruptors. The number of publications has grown in the last 20 years, considering that one of the first studies was published in 1965. This review provides information based on in vitro studies, murine models, and clinical protocols in patients with thyroid disorders. Studies indicate that thyroid hormones regulate different aspects of growth, metabolism, and prostate pathology, whose global effect depends on total and/or free concentrations of thyroid hormones in serum, local bioavailability and the endocrine androgen/thyronine context.

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“…In an older study by Lehrer et al, T3 levels and disease recurrence in men treated for localized PCa were assessed, reporting a correlating increasingly higher T3 levels for higher-risk groups (45). THs were also involved in prostate cancer aggressiveness; higher T3 levels were associated with higher prostate cancer grade groups and with higher tumor percentage involvement as well as pT stage on definitive pathology (86). Despite all the reported evidence, the role of THs in prostate function and carcinogenesis has to be still evaluated.…”

Section: The Clinical Point Of Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The androgen-thyroid hormone crosstalk in prostate cancer and the clinical implications

Torabinejad

Miro

Barone

et al. 2023

European Thyroid Journal

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There is increasing evidence that thyroid hormones (THs) work in an integrative fashion with androgen receptors (ARs) to regulate gonadal differentiation and reproductive function. Studies reveal that THs have interactions with the AR promoter region and increase AR expression. THs also have a role in the regulation of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of androgens, such as 5α-reductase, which is essential in the conversion of testosterone into its active form, 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Additionally, the presence of androgen response elements (AREs) in the promoter regions of TH-related genes, such as deiodinases and thyroid hormone receptor isoforms have been identified in some vertebrates, indicating a mutual interaction between THs and ARs. Since the androgen signaling pathway, mediated by ARs, plays a key role in the formation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), the existence of crosstalk between THs and ARs supports the epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicating a relationship between the high incidence of Prostate Cancer (PCa) and hyperthyroidism. This article aims to review the role of androgen-thyroid hormone crosstalk in PCa and its implication in the clinical management. As life expectancy is growing these days, it can increase the number of patients with PCa and the critical relevance of the disease. In order to gain better knowledge about PCa and to improve the clinical management, it is essential to get better insight into the key factors related to the formation and progression of this cancer.

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Association of Triiodothyronine Levels With Prostate Cancer Histopathological Differentiation and Tumor Stage

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Higher thyroid hormone levels and cancer

Higher thyroid hormone levels and cancer

Prostate gland as a target organ of thyroid hormones: advances and controversies

The androgen-thyroid hormone crosstalk in prostate cancer and the clinical implications

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