Association of tumor necrosis factor-α (−308 G/A) and interleukin-10 (−1082 A/G) gene polymorphisms with polycystic ovary syndrome in Iraqi women

Association between immunity and different clinical symptoms in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

“…[13][14][15] Several studies about inflammation in PCOS have revealed that inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-16), interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are differentially elevated in the peripheral blood of PCOS patients compared to healthy women. [16][17][18] In addition, the concentrations of macrophages, T cells, interleukin-15, and Wnt5a were found to have changed in the ovaries from PCOS patients, 13,19 which affects the growth and development of follicles and the ovulation process. In addition, the production of abnormally activated B cells may also be associated with insulin resistance, 15 and the proportion of NK cells in the endometrium of the secretory phase is reduced in infertile PCOS patients.…”

“…49 The serum TNF-α level of PCOS patients were higher than those of normal women. 18 Although serum TNF-α levels are also elevated in normal weight PCOS patients, obese individuals release higher levels of TNF-α from their adipocytes. 50,18 Meanwhile, the study suggests that abnormally activated macrophages in adipose tissue may be one of the sources of these high levels of TNF-α.…”

“…18 Although serum TNF-α levels are also elevated in normal weight PCOS patients, obese individuals release higher levels of TNF-α from their adipocytes. 50,18 Meanwhile, the study suggests that abnormally activated macrophages in adipose tissue may be one of the sources of these high levels of TNF-α. 15,50 As a cytokine, excessive TNF-α mediates the innate and adaptive immune responses produced by epithelial macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts active in the ovary, increasing the cytotoxicity of macrophages or NK cells, which further maintains the patient's chronic low-grade inflammatory state in the body.…”

“…Another study found that serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were significantly lower in patients with PCOS. 18 IL-10 is synthesized by a variety of immune cells and is involved in their regulation, playing an important role in tumors or transplantation. 59 In addition, it stimulates innate and Th2-associated immune functions and suppresses Th1associated immune responses.…”

“…Number of studies have now found that immunity is also involved in the development of PCOS 13–15 . Several studies about inflammation in PCOS have revealed that inflammatory factors such as C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐16), interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) are differentially elevated in the peripheral blood of PCOS patients compared to healthy women 16–18 . In addition, the concentrations of macrophages, T cells, interleukin‐15, and Wnt5a were found to have changed in the ovaries from PCOS patients, 13,19 which affects the growth and development of follicles and the ovulation process.…”