Association of violence against women with religion and culture in Erbil Iraq: a cross-sectional study

Al-Tawil, Namir G.

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-800

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Among the 21 surveys reported in journals that used or adapted international instruments, at least ten used WHO instruments [23, 27, 60, 61, 71, 75, 84–86], three used DHS questionnaires [20, 28, 30], and four [66–68, 78] used the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) or the Women’s Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) (Additional file 1). DHS reports included definitions and full questionnaires.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in the Arab world: a systematic review

Elghossain

Bott

Akik

et al. 2019

BMC Int Health Hum Rights

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BackgroundViolence against women has particular importance for women’s health and wellbeing in the Arab world, where women face persistent barriers to social, political and economic equality. This review aims to summarize what is known about the prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional/psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the 22 countries of the Arab League, including geographic coverage, quality and comparability of the evidence.MethodsA systematic review of IPV prevalence in Arab countries was carried out among peer-reviewed journal articles and national, population-based survey reports published by international research programmes and/or governments. Following PRISMA guidelines, Medline and the Social Sciences Citation Index were searched with Medical Subject Headings terms and key words related to IPV and the names of Arab countries. Eligible sources were published between January 2000 and January 2016, in any language. United Nations databases and similar sources were searched for national surveys. Study characteristics, operational definitions and prevalence data were extracted into a database using Open Data Kit Software. Risk of bias was assessed with a structured checklist.ResultsThe search identified 74 records with population or facility-based IPV prevalence data from eleven Arab countries, based on 56 individual datasets. These included 46 separate survey datasets from peer-reviewed journals and 11 national surveys published by international research programmes and/or governments. Seven countries had national, population-based IPV estimates. Reported IPV prevalence (ever) ranged from 6% to more than half (59%) (physical); from 3 to 40% (sexual); and from 5 to 91% (emotional/ psychological). Methods and operational definitions of violence varied widely, especially for emotional/psychological IPV, limiting comparability.ConclusionsIPV against women in Arab countries represents a public health and human rights problem, with substantial levels of physical, sexual and emotional/psychological IPV documented in many settings. The evidence base is fragmented, however, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality research on IPV in the region and greater adherence to international scientific and ethical guidelines. There is a particular need for national, population-based data to inform prevention and responses to violence against women, and to help Arab countries monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in the Arab world: a systematic review

Elghossain

Bott

Akik

et al. 2019

BMC Int Health Hum Rights

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“…For example, the item on spousal violence is ranked ‘-4’ in Factor 1 and Factor 2 suggesting most if not all women here did not experience it, whereas it is ranked ‘1’ in Factor 3 and Factor 4 suggesting the responses were averaged with some did and some did not experience it. While intimate partner violence against women is common in Iraqi Kurdistan region [ 53 , 54 ], the question of spousal violence could not help to determine its effect on women’s experience with pregnancy and antenatal care. Factual items like this would have been better asked as part of a survey and used to contextualize the factor interpretation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s views and experiences of antenatal care in Iraq: a Q methodology study

Shabila

Ahmed

Yasin³

2014

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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BackgroundUnderstanding women’s experiences and perspectives of antenatal care services is particularly critical for enhancing effectiveness of services delivery and addressing women’s needs and expectations. As part of a comprehensive assessment of the maternity care services in Iraq, this study aimed to explore the views and experiences of antenatal care in a sample of women.MethodsThis explorative study was conducted in Erbil governorate, Iraq. Data were collected using Q methodology, a technique for eliciting subjective views and identifying shared patterns among individuals. A sample of 38 women of different educational and socioeconomic statuses were invited to sort a set of 39 statements reflecting different aspects of the available antenatal care services and issues related to their last pregnancies into a distribution on a scale of nine from “disagree most” to “agree most”. By-person factor analysis was used to derive latent views through centroid factor extraction and varimax rotation of factors.ResultsAnalysis of the participants’ Q sorts resulted in identifying four distinct views and experiences of pregnancy and antenatal care services: (i) public maternity services second best: preference for, and ability to afford, private care, (ii) dissatisfaction with public maternity services: poor information sharing and lack of health promotion, (iii) satisfaction with public maternity service but information gaps perceived and (iv) public maternity services second best: preference for private care but unaffordable. The typical characterizations that were associated with each view were highlighted.ConclusionsThis study revealed different patterns of views and experiences of women of pregnancy and antenatal care services and recognized the particular issues related to each pattern. Different patterns and types of problems and concerns related mainly to inadequate provision of information and poor interpersonal communication, poor utilization of public services and a general preference to use private services were identified in the different groups of women.

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“…In general, the proportion of male-to-female partner violence is higher than that of female-to-male partner violence. Previous studies have found that culture is an important predictor of violence against women [13,14]. Compared to western societies, in Asian countries, women often follow cultural norms and values in male-dominated society and tend not to disclose abuse to the public [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%