“…The remaining 380 records were filtered according to the titles and abstracts; 348 were excluded due to unrelated topics. We reviewed the full text of the remaining 32 studies and identified ten that met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis ( Baktash et al, 2020 , Chodick et al, 2020 , Avolio et al, 2020 , Hastie et al, 2020b ; Im et al, 2020; Mardani et al, 2020 , Meltzer et al, 2020 ; Merzon et al, 2020; Raisi-Estabragh et al, 2020 , Ye et al, 2020 ). Figure 1 Flow diagram of the literature search process.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Most participants were at least 50 years old. Most studies were conducted in Asia (n = 5), followed by Europe (n = 4)( Baktash et al, 2020 , Avolio et al, 2020 , Hastie et al, 2020a , Raisi-Estabragh et al, 2020 ),( Chodick et al, 2020 ; Im et al, 2020; Mardani et al, 2020 ; Merzon et al, 2020; Ye et al, 2020 ), and the United States (n = 1) ( Meltzer et al 2020 ). Table 1 lists the main descriptive statistics for all included studies.…”
“…The remaining 380 records were filtered according to the titles and abstracts; 348 were excluded due to unrelated topics. We reviewed the full text of the remaining 32 studies and identified ten that met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis ( Baktash et al, 2020 , Chodick et al, 2020 , Avolio et al, 2020 , Hastie et al, 2020b ; Im et al, 2020; Mardani et al, 2020 , Meltzer et al, 2020 ; Merzon et al, 2020; Raisi-Estabragh et al, 2020 , Ye et al, 2020 ). Figure 1 Flow diagram of the literature search process.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Most participants were at least 50 years old. Most studies were conducted in Asia (n = 5), followed by Europe (n = 4)( Baktash et al, 2020 , Avolio et al, 2020 , Hastie et al, 2020a , Raisi-Estabragh et al, 2020 ),( Chodick et al, 2020 ; Im et al, 2020; Mardani et al, 2020 ; Merzon et al, 2020; Ye et al, 2020 ), and the United States (n = 1) ( Meltzer et al 2020 ). Table 1 lists the main descriptive statistics for all included studies.…”
“…An inverse association between mean levels of vitamin D and the number of COVID-19 cases/1 M was recently reported in a cross-sectional European study whereas a UK study did not find an association between the vitamin's status and COVID-19 risk [62]. Moreover, low levels of vitamin D were found in COVID-19 positive patients [63] or hospitalized patients with COVID-19 [64] and have been connected to the severity of the disease [65][66][67].The hypothesis that vitamin D may explain susceptibility to COVID-19 infection in dark colored skin individuals do not seem to be valid [62]. It is noteworthy that several clinical trials are on the way regarding the role of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of COVID-19, reviewed elsewhere [48].…”
Section: Vitamin Dmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Dairy products constitute a principal source of vitamin D, which has been proposed to play a role in the COVID-19 epidemic [65][66][67]. It is noted that milk, yogurt and fermented milk products also contain PAF inhibitors [179][180][181] with a trend for a more protective effect of goat yogurt [182].…”
The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an emerging situation with high rates of morbidity and mortality, in the pathophysiology of which inflammation and thrombosis are implicated. The disease is directly connected to the nutritional status of patients and a well-balanced diet is recommended by official sources. Recently, the role of platelet activating factor (PAF) was suggested in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In the present review several micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals), phytonutrients and Mediterranean diet compounds (olive oil, fish, honey, plant foods) with potential anti-COVID activity are presented. We further underline that the well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic actions of the investigated nutrients and/ or holistic dietary schemes, such as the Mediterranean diet, are also mediated through PAF. In conclusion, although there is no single food to prevent coronavirus, the aim is to follow a healthy diet containing PAF inhibitors in order to target both inflammation and thrombosis and try to avoid or/and reduce the deleterious effects of the COVID-19 epidemic.
“…A number of investigations confirm that deficient/insufficient concentrations of vitamin D are associated with the hospitalisation of COVID-19 patients, and less than 16 ng/mL values of the serum vitamin D have been reported to be possibly associated even with increased risk of sepsis in critically ill patients. 53 54 …”
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