Association of Zip Code Vaccination Rate With COVID-19 Mortality in Chicago, Illinois

Zeng, Sharon; Pelzer, Kenley M.; Gibbons, Robert D.; Peek, Monica E.; Parker, William F.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14753

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…We analyzed characteristics of zip codes by groupings of equity index values using American Community Survey data, including race or ethnicity distribution, educational attainment, median household income, and share with health insurance ( 13 ). Prior research suggests that these characteristics relate to COVID-19 mortality and vaccination rates ( 3 – 7 ); moreover, most are among the factors used to calculate Social Vulnerability Index values and therefore are recognized as relevant to understanding geographic inequities ( 14 ). Consistent with prior work ( 7 ), we excluded 6 zip codes mostly outside Chicago or with populations with fewer than 10,000 people.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior research suggests that these characteristics relate to COVID-19 mortality and vaccination rates ( 3 – 7 ); moreover, most are among the factors used to calculate Social Vulnerability Index values and therefore are recognized as relevant to understanding geographic inequities ( 14 ). Consistent with prior work ( 7 ), we excluded 6 zip codes mostly outside Chicago or with populations with fewer than 10,000 people.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior studies report higher case and mortality rates ( 3 – 6 ) and lower rates of vaccination in the early stages of the vaccination campaign ( 7 ) among Black and Hispanic populations in Chicago. We found that as of July 2022 Chicago neighborhoods with mostly Black residents were experiencing persistent inequities when accounting for COVID-19 vaccinations and deaths.…”

Section: Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stark disparities exist in the burden experienced across Chicago; higher case and mortality rates are found in areas with higher social vulnerability ( 2 ), mostly Black or Hispanic residents ( 3 – 5 ), and residents with lower educational attainment ( 6 ). Stark differences also exist in vaccination rates, with higher rates in higher-income, largely White communities ( 7 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Mapping Changes in Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccinations Relative to Deaths in Chicago, Illinois

et al. 2023

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mapping Changes in Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccinations Relative to Deaths in Chicago, Illinois

et al. 2023

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“…Further research confirms that this act of omission dramatically reduced the potential number of lives saved, particularly among vulnerable populations, violating both the principle of maximizing benefits and the principle of mitigating inequities by not allocating vaccines proportional to risk 34 . In Chicago, 75 percent of deaths in the least vaccinated quartile of the city in the alpha and delta waves could have been prevented if that quartile had enjoyed the same vaccination rate as the highest vaccinated quartile 35 . Vaccines have the potential to reduce harm from Covid‐19 where the virus is most prevalent.…”

Section: Ignoring Place‐based Risks and Geographic Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Errors in Converting Principles to Protocols: Where the Bioethics of U.S. Covid‐19 Vaccine Allocation Went Wrong

Parker¹,

Persad²,

Peek³

2022

Hastings Center Report

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For much of 2021, allocating the scarce supply of Covid‐19 vaccines was the world's most pressing bioethical challenge, and similar challenges may recur for novel therapies and future vaccines. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) identified three fundamental ethical principles to guide the process: maximize benefits, promote justice, and mitigate health inequities. We argue that critical components of the recommended protocol were internally inconsistent with these principles. Specifically, the ACIP violated its principles by recommending overly broad health care worker priority in phase 1a, using being at least seventy‐five years of age as the only criterion to identify individuals at high risk of death from Covid‐19 during phase 1b, failing to recommend place‐based vaccine distribution, and implicitly endorsing first‐come, first‐served allocation. More rigorous empirical work and the development of a complete ethical framework that recognizes trade‐offs between principles may have prevented these mistakes and saved lives.

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The role of facility and patient mix factors on recovery of screening and diagnostic mammography volumes following the initial COVID‐19 pandemic wave

Lomahan¹,

Rauscher

Murphy³

2023

Cancer Medicine

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Introduction The goal of this study was to understand the extent to which mammography facilities were able to recover monthly screening and diagnostic mammography volumes to their prepandemic levels and to determine what facility and patient mix factors were associated with recovery. Method Facilities, located in and adjacent to Cook County, Illinois, were eligible. In all, 58 screening and 30 diagnostic mammogram facilities submitted mammogram volumes by month with a cross‐listing of patient ZIP codes by screening volumes. Monthly screening and diagnostic volumes for the 6‐month immediate postpandemic period (July–December 2020) and for the subsequent postpandemic period (January–June 2021) were compared with the same months in 2019. ZIP code distributions were used to define patient mix characteristics related to disadvantage. Results Compared with the prepandemic period, Breast Imaging Centers of Excellence conducted roughly 50 fewer monthly screening mammograms (95% CI: −91, −9) but 50 more diagnostic mammograms (95% CI: 24, 82) on average in the immediate postpandemic period. Facilities serving a predominantly Black population conducted roughly 50 fewer monthly screens (95% CI: −93, −13) without any increase in monthly diagnostics. Conclusion Highly accredited (and typically higher volume) facilities appeared to actively triage diagnostics, whereas lower resource facilities appeared to struggle to recover to prepandemic volumes without triage to diagnostics. The pandemic disproportionally impacted minority populations already affected by differential access to and utilization of high‐quality mammography. Potential explanations are discussed. Policies should be strengthened to facilitate triaging of services during times of stress to the healthcare system.

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Association of Zip Code Vaccination Rate With COVID-19 Mortality in Chicago, Illinois

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Mapping Changes in Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccinations Relative to Deaths in Chicago, Illinois

Mapping Changes in Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccinations Relative to Deaths in Chicago, Illinois

Errors in Converting Principles to Protocols: Where the Bioethics of U.S. Covid‐19 Vaccine Allocation Went Wrong

The role of facility and patient mix factors on recovery of screening and diagnostic mammography volumes following the initial COVID‐19 pandemic wave

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