Associations among posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, life satisfaction, and well‐being comparisons: A longitudinal investigation

Abstract

Many individuals who encounter potentially traumatic events go on to develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research suggests that survivors of traumatic events frequently compare their current well‐being to different standards; yet, knowledge regarding the role of comparative thinking in well‐being is limited to a few cross‐sectional studies. We therefore examined the temporal associations among aversive well‐being comparisons (i.e., comparisons threatening self‐motives), PTSD symptoms, and life satisfaction in individuals exposed to traumatic events. Participants (N = 518) with a trauma history completed measures of PTSD symptoms and life satisfaction, as well as the Comparison Standards Scale for Well‐being (CSS‐W), at assessment points 3 months apart. The CSS‐W assesses the frequency, perceived discrepancy, and affective impact of aversive social, temporal, counterfactual, and criteria‐based comparisons related to well‐being. All participants reported having engaged in aversive well‐being comparisons during the last 3 weeks. Comparison frequency emerged as a significant predictor of PTSD symptoms, β = .24, beyond baseline PTSD symptom severity. Life satisfaction contributed unique variance to the comparison process by predicting comparison frequency, β = −.18; discrepancy, β = −.24; and affective impact, β = .20. The findings suggest that frequent aversive comparisons may lead to a persistent focus on negative aspects of well‐being, thereby exacerbating PTSD symptoms, and further indicate that comparison frequency, discrepancy, and affective impact are significantly influenced by life satisfaction. Taken together, the findings support the need for a thorough examination of the role of comparative thinking in clinical populations, which may ultimately help improve clinical care.

The Comprehensive Adversity Measure (CAM): A Measure of Early Adversity and its Severity

“…Based on prior literature, we hypothesised that the yes/no and severity scores would be positively associated with psychological distress (Manyema et al, 2018), depression and anxiety (Green et al, 2010;Kessler et al, 2010), substance use (Leza et al, 2021), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD;Green et al, 2010) symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (Visser et al, 2014), suicide attempts (Hughes et al, 2017), rumination (Mansueto et al, 2021), and social comparison (Schlechter et al, 2024), as well as negatively associated with self-esteem (Zilioli et al, 2016) and quality of life (Mosley-Johnson et al, 2019).…”