Associations between body composition and lifestyle factors with bone mineral density according to time since menopause in women from Southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate whether body composition, dietary pattern and habitual physical activity are associated with BMD according to time since menopause in women from Southern Brazil with no clinical evidence of disease.Methods99 participants were enrolled and anthropometry, body composition and BMD by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, rest metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry, dietary pattern by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire and habitual physical activity by pedometer were performed.ResultsMean age was 55.2 ± 4.9 years and mean time since menopause was 6.8 ± 1.0 years. Weight, BMI, lean and fat mass and RMR were higher in women with less than 5 years since menopause with normal versus low bone mass. No differences were found in the studied variables between participants with normal or low bone mass and more than 5 years of menopause. Women with > 5 years since menopause had higher prevalence of osteoporosis, as well as lower BMD in all sites when compared to those with less time since menopause. Calories, carbohydrate, protein, fat and micronutrients intake were similar between groups. When the sample was adjusted for time since menopause, the odds ratio (OR) for low bone mass was 5.21 (95 % CI 1.57–17.25, P = 0.004) for BMI <25 kg/m2, for lean mass <37.5 Kg an OR of 4.4 (95 % CI 1.64–11.80, P = 0.004, for fat mass <26.0 Kg an OR of 3.39 (95 % CI 1.29–8.85, P = 0.010) and for the intake of vitamin A < 700 mcg/day an OR of 3.00 (95 % CI 1.13–7.94, P = 0.012). Low meat and eggs intake or low protein intake did not influence the odds ratio for low bone mass.ConclusionIn this cross-sectional study with postmenopausal women with no clinical evidence of disease, time since menopause, low lean and fat mass were associated with low bone mass. Calories and macronutrients intake as well as habitual physical activity did not interfere with BMD, but participants were mostly sedentary. Further studies are needed in order to determine whether the adequate intake of specific food groups and the type of physical activity could attenuate the time since menopause impact on BMD.

Association between Dietary Patterns of Meat and Fish Consumption with Bone Mineral Density or Fracture Risk: A Systematic Literature

“…The 37 studies included a total of 432,924 subjects. Concerning study design, among the 37 studies, one was a retrospective cohort study [ 21 ], 15 were cross-sectional study [ 22 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 53 , 54 , 55 ], seven were longitudinal study [ 23 , 24 , 28 , 39 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], one was a co-twin control study [ 25 ], four were prospective cohort studies [ 30 , 33 , 38 , 51 ], three were population based cohort studies [ 35 , 36 , 43 ], one was “The North West Adelaide Health study” (NWAHS) [ 46 ], one was 1:1 matched case-control study [ 37 ], one was an observational study (WHI-OS) [ 41 ], one was the “Japanese Multi-Centered Environmental Toxicant Study (JMETS)” [ 52 ], one was “The Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study” [ 56 ], and one was “the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study” [ 7 ].…”

“…The average duration of the studies reviewed was about four years (from a minimum of one month to a maximum of 11 years) and the age range of the subjects analysed was 3–80 years. Seventeen studies considered a cohort of men and women (341,914 subjects) [ 7 , 21 , 23 , 27 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 43 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 56 ]; 16 studies considered a cohort of only women (27,255 subjects) [ 22 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 47 , 52 , 54 ]; one study considered a cohort of only men (1319 subjects) [ 45 ]; and 10 studies did not specify the gender of the subjects involved [ 24 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 ]. Six studies [ 24 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 53 ] involved children and a...…”

“…Six studies [ 24 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 53 ] involved children and adolescents (total of 58,891 subjects). Twenty-six studies [ 7 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 ] considered adults and elderly subjects (inclusion criteria with age ≥50 years); six studies [ 33 , 42 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 ] considered only adults (aged 21–50 years); eight studies [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 45 , 53 ] considered adolescents (aged 13–20 years); and one study [ 24 ] considered children (aged 4–8 years).…”

Osteoporosis Knowledge and Health Beliefs Among Female Community Leaders in Peru

“…43 Higher BMI is traditionally perceived to act as a protective factor for osteoporosis. 44 However, populations suffering from overweight or obesity also tend have a more sedentary lifestyle, 45 and a sedentary lifestyle is, in turn, associated with reduced bone mass and increased risk of other comorbidities that further prevent the adoption of exercise as preventive health behaviors. 46 In addition, although several studies have looked into child and infant nutrition status and market access in Peru, 47,48 little is known about the nutritional status and access to dietary calcium among the general population.…”

Sedentary Lifestyle and High-Carbohydrate Intake are Associated with Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Post-Menopause: A Cross-sectional Study

“…Participants were recruited by advertisement in a local newspaper and radio station. 10 Postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years and presenting with at least 1 year of amenorrhea and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels > 35mIU/mL were included. The exclusion criteria were use of hormone therapy or antiinflammatory agents (current or in the preceding 3 months), untreated thyroid disease, previous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus or rheumatic diseases, and smoking.…”