Associations between Bonus and Lottery COVID-19 Vaccine Incentive Policies and Increases in COVID-19 Vaccination Rates: A Social Epidemiologic Analysis

Abstract

The objectives of this longitudinal study were to analyze the impact of COVID-19 vaccine incentive policies (e.g., bonuses and lottery entries) on county-level COVID-19 vaccination rates, and to examine the interactive effects between COVID-19 vaccine incentive policies and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 vaccination rates. Using publicly available data, county-level COVID-19 vaccination rates and socioeconomic data between January 2021 and July 2021 were extracted and analyzed across counties in the United States (US)—an analysis of 19,992 observations over time. Pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis was employed to longitudinally examine associations with COVID-19 vaccination rates, and four random-effects models were developed to analyze interaction effects. Bonus incentive policies were effective in counties with a high per capita income, high levels of education, and a high percentage of racial minorities, but not in counties with high unemployment. Lottery incentive policies were effective in counties with a high percentage of racial minorities, but not in counties with high per capita income, high levels of education, and high unemployment. County-level socioeconomic factors should be considered ahead of implementing incentive policies, versus a blanket approach, to avoid the unintentional misuse of economic resources for futile COVID-19 vaccination outcomes.

Mining Public Opinions on COVID-19 Vaccination: A Temporal Analysis to Support Combating Misinformation

“…It should be noted that the power of identifying news spread across the social web increases with machine learning and text mining tools. In a greater scope, the analysis presented in our study can support other research, such as that by Guo et al [ 63 ], towards creating incentive policies to increase the vaccination rate.…”

Tropical Infectious Diseases of Global Significance: Insights and Perspectives

“…Guo and colleagues [15] conducted a longitudinal study to analyze the impact of COVID-19 vaccine incentive policies on county-level COVID-19 vaccination rates; the authors also examined the interactive effects between COVID-19 vaccine incentive policies and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 vaccination rates.…”