Associations Between Causal Agents of the Beech Bark Disease Complex [<i>Cryptococcus fagisuga</i>(Homoptera: Cryptococcidae) and<i>Nectria</i>spp.] in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Wiggins, Gregory J.; Grant, Jerome F.; Windham, Mark T.; Vance, Robert A.; Rutherford, Brenda; Klein, Robert N.; Johnson, Kelly; Taylor, Glenn

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-33.5.1274

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Ehrlich (1934) proposed C. fagisuga infestation to be the sole and necessary predisposing factor to Neonectria infection, which initiates in insect feeding wounds. However, this model has only scant supporting data in recently-affected (BBD killing front) forests (Wiggins et al, 2004). Furthermore, evidence from aftermath forests does not support Ehrlich's (1934) model, and suggests that alternative or additional predisposing factors may operate in these forests (Garnas et al, 2011b;Cale et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

New ecological and physiological dimensions of beech bark disease development in aftermath forests

Cale

Teale

Johnston

et al. 2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

New ecological and physiological dimensions of beech bark disease development in aftermath forests

Cale

Teale

Johnston

et al. 2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…Sampling methodologies for scale insects may be intended to provide whole plant assessments of bark-infesting scale species such as the balsam wooly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) (Amman 1969) or may be based on counting readily observable galls including those of the Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Adelges cooleyi (Gillette) (Lasota and Shetlar 1986) and the eastern spruce gall adelgid, Adelges abietis L. (Fidgen et al 1994). To date, levels of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger) infestation or severity of the associated beech bark disease (BBD) have been assessed using qualitative classiÞcation schemes (Houston et al 1979, Twery and Patterson 1984, GrifÞn et al 2003, Wiggins et al 2004). These approaches have been useful for the purposes for which they were intended, but none of them provides a direct estimate or measurement of scale insect density.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative, Nondestructive Assessment of Beech Scale (Hemiptera: Cryptococcidae) Density Using Digital Image Analysis of Wax Masses

Teale¹,

Letkowski²,

Matusick

et al. 2009

Environ Entomol

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Beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger, is a non-native invasive insect associated with beech bark disease. A quantitative method of measuring viable scale density at the levels of the individual tree and localized bark patches was developed. Bark patches (10 cm(2)) were removed at 0, 1, and 2 m above the ground and at the four cardinal directions from 13 trees in northern New York and 12 trees in northern Michigan. Digital photographs of each patch were made, and the wax mass area was measured from two random 1-cm(2) subsamples on each bark patch using image analysis software. Viable scale insects were counted after removing the wax under a dissecting microscope. Separate regression analyses at the whole tree level for the New York and Michigan sites each showed a strong positive relationship of wax mass area with the number of underlying viable scale insects. The relationships for the New York and Michigan data were not significantly different from each other, and when pooling data from the two sites, there was still a significant positive relationship between wax mass area and the number of scale insects. The relationships between viable scale insects and wax mass area were different at the 0-, 1-, and 2-m sampling heights but do not seem to affect the relationship. This method does not disrupt the insect or its interactions with the host tree.

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“…Beech bark and phloem tissues often are simultaneously attacked by these organisms (Shigo ; Wiggins et al. ). However, there is seemingly no evidence of host‐mediated interactions occurring among them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heavy infestations of beech scale tend to precede the fungal pathogens Neonectria faginata and N. ditissima (Ehrlich 1934;Houston 1994), both of which are native to North America (Castlebury et al 2006;Hirooka et al 2013). Xylococculus betulae (Margarodidae), a native scale insect (Hubbard and Pergand 1898), also is commonly associated with BBD (Shigo 1962(Shigo , 1964Wiggins et al 2004), although its role in disease ontogeny is currently unclear. Beech bark and phloem tissues often are simultaneously attacked by these organisms (Shigo 1964;Wiggins et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scale insects, decay and canker fungi in American beech

et al. 2014

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Tripartite interactions among phytophagous insects, pathogens and their host plants provide insight into the role of host physiology in determining susceptibility to attack. American beech (Fagus grandifolia) often is simultaneously attacked by beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga), one or more Neonectria pathogens and Xylococculus betulae that can result in beech bark disease (BBD). Additionally, beech is frequently infected by heartrot-decay fungi. Cursory observations in 2011 suggested that beech scale and Neonectria lesion densities were lower and greater, respectively, on trees with decay. In 2012, digital image analysis was used to quantify densities of these organisms on 123 beech from the Adirondack region of New York. Three groups of study trees (n = 41) were used: Inonotus glomeratus-infected, Phellinus igniarius-infected and non-decay trees. Trees infected by decay pathogens supported lower densities of beech scale and higher densities of Neonectria. Densities of X. betulae did not significantly vary among decay groups. These results may be explained by decay-induced changes in host physiology. Additional work is needed to elucidate the potential role of host bark chemistry in the BBD complex.

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Associations Between Causal Agents of the Beech Bark Disease Complex [Cryptococcus fagisuga(Homoptera: Cryptococcidae) andNectriaspp.] in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

New ecological and physiological dimensions of beech bark disease development in aftermath forests

New ecological and physiological dimensions of beech bark disease development in aftermath forests

Quantitative, Nondestructive Assessment of Beech Scale (Hemiptera: Cryptococcidae) Density Using Digital Image Analysis of Wax Masses

Scale insects, decay and canker fungi in American beech

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