Associations between dairy foods, diabetes, and metabolic health: Potential mechanisms and future directions

Hirahatake, Kristin M.; Slavin, Joanne L.; Maki, Kevin C.; Adams, Sean H.

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.009

Cited by 76 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…When combined with metformin, leucine and HMB improved insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK and SIRT1 [47]. Leucine content is high in dairy products and has been identified as a key component for lowering the risk for T2D [50]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Insulin Sensitizer Therapy on Amino Acids and Their Metabolites

et al. 2015

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Aims Prior studies have reported that elevated concentrations of several plasma amino acids (AA) in plasma, particularly branched chain (BCAA) and aromatic AA predict the onset of type 2 diabetes. We sought to test the hypothesis that circulating BCAA, aromatic AA and related AA metabolites decline in response to the use of insulin sensitizing agents in overweight/obese adults with impaired fasting glucose or untreated diabetes. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo, controlled study conducted in twenty five overweight/obese (BMI~30 kg/m2) adults with impaired fasting glucose or untreated diabetes. Participants were randomized to three months of pioglitazone (45 mg per day) plus metformin (1000 mg twice per day, N = 12 participants) or placebo (N = 13). We measured insulin sensitivity by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and fasting concentrations of AA and AA metabolites using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry before and after the three-month intervention. Results Insulin sensitizer therapy that significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity reduced 9 out of 33 AA and AA metabolites measured compared to placebo treatment. Moreover, insulin sensitizer therapy significantly reduced three functionally clustered AA and metabolite pairs: i) phenylalanine/tyrosine, ii) citrulline/arginine, and iii) lysine/α-aminoadipic acid. Conclusions Reductions in plasma concentrations of several AA and AA metabolites in response to three months of insulin sensitizer therapy support the concept that reduced insulin sensitivity alters AA and AA metabolites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Insulin Sensitizer Therapy on Amino Acids and Their Metabolites

et al. 2015

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“…A discussion of these is beyond the scope of this article, but interested readers may explore topics not covered here in the following publications (45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50).…”

Section: Other Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Substitutions for Refined Carbohydrate That Show Promise for Reducing Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women1–3

Maki

Phillips

2015

The Journal of Nutrition

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Both genetics and lifestyle contribute to type 2 diabetes (T2D), a condition of elevated circulating glucose induced by a collection of metabolic defects including peripheral insulin resistance, elevated hepatic glucose output, and impaired pancreatic insulin secretion. Because the prevalence of T2D and its modifiable risk factors (overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and physical inactivity) have been increasing in recent decades, there has been growing interest in lifestyle interventions that target T2D management and prevention. Although it is increasingly recognized that lifestyle interventions aimed at encouraging physical activity and reducing body weight can improve insulin sensitivity, nutritional contributions to T2D risk reduction are less clear. Evidence from prospective cohort and randomized controlled trials suggests that diets rich in refined dietary carbohydrate [particularly those with a high glycemic index (GI)] may elevate T2D risk; however, the appropriate combination of macronutrients to optimize metabolic health has not been fully described. To date, the collective evidence suggests that diets rich in low-GI carbohydrates, cereal fiber, resistant starch, fat from vegetable sources (unsaturated fat), and lean sources of protein should be emphasized, whereas refined sugars and grains (high-GI carbohydrates) are to be avoided in order to lower risk of T2D and its related risk factors and comorbidities.

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“…The use of whey protein in people with T2D has also garnered interest because it has been found to elicit a greater postprandial thermogenic response compared with casein or soy, greater satiety and suppression of subsequent food intake, as well as lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations by stimulating greater insulin secretion compared with other types of protein (48). Several prospective cohort studies also reported an inverse association between intakes of dairy protein and T2D risk, but additional research is necessary to better understand the mechanisms whereby dairy may be protective (49).…”

Section: Dietary Sources Of Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Protein Is Important in the Practical Management of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

Campbell

Rains²

2015

The Journal of Nutrition

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Many misconceptions surround the role of dietary protein in the management of diabetes. Although dietary recommendations for managing diabetes have changed greatly over the centuries, recommended protein intake has remained relatively constant. Currently, recommendations for protein intake are based on individual assessment and the consideration of other health issues and implications, such as the extent of glycemic control, the presence of kidney disease, overweight and obesity, and the age of the patient. Two common misconceptions about dietary protein in diabetes management are that a certain amount of the protein consumed is converted into blood glucose and that consuming too much protein can lead to diabetic kidney disease. These misconceptions have been disproven. For many people with type 2 diabetes, aiming for 20-30% of total energy intake as protein is the goal. Exceptions may be for those individuals with impaired renal function. A protein intake of this amount can be beneficial by improving glycemic control, aiding in satiety and preservation of lean body mass during weight loss in those with both diabetes and prediabetes, and providing for the increased protein requirements of the older adult. Health care providers should discuss the role of dietary protein with their patients, reinforce sources of protein in the diet, and use simple but effective teaching tools, such as the plate method, to convey important nutrition messages. In addition, health care providers should recognize that persons with diabetes are attempting to manage many other aspects of their diabetes, including blood glucose monitoring, physical activity, taking of medication, risk reduction, and problem solving.

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Associations between dairy foods, diabetes, and metabolic health: Potential mechanisms and future directions

Cited by 76 publications

References 107 publications

Effect of Insulin Sensitizer Therapy on Amino Acids and Their Metabolites

Effect of Insulin Sensitizer Therapy on Amino Acids and Their Metabolites

Dietary Substitutions for Refined Carbohydrate That Show Promise for Reducing Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women1–3

Dietary Protein Is Important in the Practical Management of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

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