Associations between HPA axis functioning and level of anxiety in children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder

Kallen, Victor; Tulen, Joke H.M.; Utens, Elisabeth M. W. J.; Treffers, Philip D. A.; Jong, Frank H. de; Ferdinand, Robert F.

doi:10.1002/da.20287

Cited by 82 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Kallen et al (2008) Increased levels in female children and adolescents; predicted symptom severity at 12 months. No significant differences in male children and adolescents.…”

Section: Panic Disordermentioning

confidence: 97%

Neuroinflammatory pathways in anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders

Furtado

Katzman

2015

Psychiatry Research

150

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“…Kallen et al (2008) Increased levels in female children and adolescents; predicted symptom severity at 12 months. No significant differences in male children and adolescents.…”

Section: Panic Disordermentioning

confidence: 97%

Neuroinflammatory pathways in anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders

Furtado

Katzman

2015

Psychiatry Research

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Moreover, alterations of the HPA axis have been widely reported in psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] . For instance, Vreeburg et al [40] showed a modest but significantly higher 1 h cortisol awakening response among anxious patients, especially in those with PD with agoraphobia and those with comorbid depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood stressful events, HPA axis and anxiety disorders

Faravelli

Sauro²,

Godini³

et al. 2012

WJP

143

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Anxiety disorders are among the most common of all mental disorders and their pathogenesis is a major topic in psychiatry, both for prevention and treatment. Early stressful life events and alterations of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis function seem to have a significant role in the onset of anxiety. Existing data appear to support the mediating effect of the HPA axis between childhood traumata and posttraumatic stress disorder. Findings on the HPA axis activity at baseline and after stimuli in panic disordered patients are inconclusive, even if stressful life events may have a triggering function in the development of this disorder. Data on the relationship between stress, HPA axis functioning and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are scarce and discordant, but an increased activity of the HPA axis is reported in OCD patients. Moreover, normal basal cortisol levels and hyperresponsiveness of the adrenal cortex during a psychosocial stressor are observed in social phobics. Finally, abnormal HPA axis activity has also been observed in generalized anxiety disordered patients. While several hypothesis have attempted to explain these findings over time, currently the most widely accepted theory is that early stressful life events may provoke alterations of the stress response and thus of the HPA axis, that can endure during adulthood, predisposing individuals to develop psychopathology. All theories are reviewed and the authors conclude that childhood life events and HPA abnormalities may be specifically and transnosographically related to all anxiety disorders, as well as, more broadly, to all psychiatric disorders.

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“…Recently it has been reported that unlike elderly subjects without psychiatric disorder, elderly subjects with anxiety disorders showed a greater increase in cortisol secretion following exposure to a stressor (Chaudieu et al, 2008). Furthermore, while children and adolescents display elevated cortisol levels to persistent anxiety, associations between cortisol levels and anxiety disorders have not been reported (Greaves-Lord et al, 2007;Kallen et al, 2007). Therefore, age-associated changes in HPA function may leave older adults with GAD more vulnerable to developing and less responsive to treatment of medical disorders (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder

Mantella

Butters

Amico

et al. 2008

Psychoneuroendocrinology

191

151

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SummaryAge-associated alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning may make individuals more susceptible to HPA dysregulation in the context of mood and anxiety disorders. Little to no research has been done to examine HPA axis function in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), particularly in late-life GAD, the most prevalent anxiety disorder in the elderly. The study sample consisted of 71 GAD subjects and 40 nonanxious comparison subjects over 60 years of age. We examined the hypotheses that elderly individuals with GAD will have elevated salivary cortisol levels compared to nonanxious subjects, and that elevated cortisol levels in GAD will be associated with measures of symptom severity. We report that late-life GAD is characterized by elevated basal salivary cortisol levels, with higher peak cortisol levels and larger areas under the curve, compared to nonanxious subjects. Additionally, severity of GAD as measured by the GAD Severity Scale and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire are positively correlated with cortisol levels. These data demonstrate HPA axis dysfunction in late-life GAD and suggest the need for additional research on the influence of aging on HPA axis function in mood and anxiety disorders.

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Associations between HPA axis functioning and level of anxiety in children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder

Cited by 82 publications

References 60 publications

Neuroinflammatory pathways in anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders

Neuroinflammatory pathways in anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders

Childhood stressful events, HPA axis and anxiety disorders

Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder

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