Associations between indoor environmental smoke and respiratory symptoms among preschool children in Shanghai, China

Abstract

Whether indoor environmental smoke is harmful for preschool children's respiratory health in a society where female smoking is rare has not been determined. This study is part of a cross-sectional study (CCHH study-phase one in Shanghai) and investigated associations between parental smoking and incense-burning and respiratory symptoms among 4-6 year old children in Shanghai, China. A number of 13335 valid questionnaires (response rate: 85.3%) were analyzed. A number of 56.1% (as reported by a parent) of preschool children in Shanghai are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). A number of 40.3% of fathers and 0.9% of mothers are smokers. A number of 53.7% and 12.6% of Shanghai residents have used mosquito-repellent incense and incensation respectively. Children exposed to any parental smoking have higher prevalence of wheeze and croup than those not exposed. Current maternal smoking has a significant and positive association with wheeze (in the last 12 months, AOR, 95% CI: 1.83, 1.11-2.99). However, paternal smoking either currently or at child's birth had only weak associations with wheeze and croup. Incense-burning (mosquito-repellent incense and incensation) had significant and negative association with doctor-diagnosed asthma (AOR, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.73-0.99) and hay fever (AOR, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.70-0.93). The results indicate that maternal smoking perhaps is a stronger risk factor for children's respiratory health than paternal smoking. environmental tobacco smoke, incense, asthma, wheeze, preschool children, Shanghai

Ten cities cross-sectional questionnaire survey of children asthma and other allergies in China

“…The questionnaire was tested in a pilot study of 100 children in Chongqing in April 2010, and thereafter adjusted to improve readability. For details about questionnaire design, see articles for specific CCHH cities [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. …”

Home dampness, childhood asthma, hay fever, and airway symptoms in Shanghai, China: associations, dose-response relationships, and lifestyle's influences

“…Specifically, studies over the past 10 years indicate that the prevalences of asthma and allergies in China are rapidly increasing (Qu et al., ; Wong et al., ; Yangzong et al., ; Zhang et al., ; Zhao et al., ). In Shanghai, a cross‐sectional questionnaire study found that the prevalence of asthma among children had increased from 1.90% in 1990 to 10.3% in 2011 (Huang et al., ; Liu et al., ), most likely due to changed environmental exposures (Zhang et al., ), and perhaps especially exposures in the homes (Diette et al., ; von Mutius, ; Repace and Lowrey, ; Turner, ). The China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) project is currently studying associations between home environment and asthma and allergies in 10 cities in China (Huang et al., ; Liu et al., , ; Qu et al., ; Wang et al., ,b; Zhang et al., ,b; Zhao et al., ).…”

“…In Shanghai, a cross‐sectional questionnaire study found that the prevalence of asthma among children had increased from 1.90% in 1990 to 10.3% in 2011 (Huang et al., ; Liu et al., ), most likely due to changed environmental exposures (Zhang et al., ), and perhaps especially exposures in the homes (Diette et al., ; von Mutius, ; Repace and Lowrey, ; Turner, ). The China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) project is currently studying associations between home environment and asthma and allergies in 10 cities in China (Huang et al., ; Liu et al., , ; Qu et al., ; Wang et al., ,b; Zhang et al., ,b; Zhao et al., ). Recently, the Shanghai group of CCHH reported that early furred pet‐keeping (Huang et al., ) and parental smoking (Liu et al., ) were risk factors for asthma and allergies among preschool children.…”

“…The China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) project is currently studying associations between home environment and asthma and allergies in 10 cities in China (Huang et al., ; Liu et al., , ; Qu et al., ; Wang et al., ,b; Zhang et al., ,b; Zhao et al., ). Recently, the Shanghai group of CCHH reported that early furred pet‐keeping (Huang et al., ) and parental smoking (Liu et al., ) were risk factors for asthma and allergies among preschool children. Many studies have shown that dampness‐related problems (as evidenced by such signs as visible mold, visible damp stains, condensation on windows, and perceived mold odor) in the residence are significant risk factors for asthma and asthma‐related symptoms among children (Bornehag et al., , ; Fisk et al., ; Jaakkola et al., ; Mendell et al., ; Peat et al., ; Quansah et al., ; Sun and Sundell, ; Tischer et al., ; Weinmayr et al., ) and adults (Blanc et al., ; Brunekreef, ; Gunnbjörnsdottir et al., ; Norbäck et al., ).…”

China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH)

“…From Beijing: possible protective effect of breastfeeding against asthma and allergy [18]; From Shanghai: risks associated with exposure to pets [19] and risks associated with ETS [20]; From Wuhan: risk factors in the home environment associated with asthma and rhinitis [21] and risk factors in the home environment associated with eczema [22];…”