Associations between intrusive thoughts, reality discrimination and hallucination-proneness in healthy young adults

Smailes, David; Meins, Elizabeth; Fernyhough, Charles

doi:10.1080/13546805.2014.973487

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Descriptive statistics for self-report measures and performance on the two tasks, as well as correlations between these variables, are presented in Table 1. Participants made few false alarms on the visual reality discrimination task and detected faces on around half of the trials were a face was presented, which is consistent with non-clinical participants' performance on an auditory reality discrimination task (Smailes, Meins, & Fernyhough, 2015). Participants performed well on the face pareidolia task, detecting a face pareidolia on around 75% of the trials where one was present.…”

Section: Descriptive Statistics and Correlational Analysessupporting

confidence: 75%

Pareidolia-proneness, reality discrimination errors, and visual hallucination-like experiences in a non-clinical sample

Smailes

Burdis

Gregoriou

et al. 2019

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

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Introduction: It has been proposed that hallucinations occur because of problems with reality discrimination (when internal, self-generated cognitions are misattributed to an external, non-self source) and because of elevated levels of top-down processing. In this study, we examined whether visual reality discrimination abilities and elevated top-down processing (assessed via face pareidolia-proneness) were associated with how often nonclinical participants report visual hallucination-like experiences. Methods: Participants (N = 82, mean age = 23.12 years) completed a visual reality discrimination task and a face pareidolia task, as well as self-report measures of schizotypy and of the frequency of visual hallucination-like experiences. Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that the number of false alarms made on the visual reality discrimination task and the number of hits made on the face pareidolia task were independent predictors of the frequency of visual hallucination-like experiences. Correlations between performance on the tasks and levels of schizotypy were not statistically significant. Conclusions: These findings suggest that weaker visual reality discrimination abilities and elevated levels of top-down processing are associated with visual hallucination-proneness and are discussed in terms of the idea that clinical visual hallucinations and non-clinical visual hallucination-like experiences share similar cognitive mechanisms.

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Section: Descriptive Statistics and Correlational Analysessupporting

confidence: 75%

Pareidolia-proneness, reality discrimination errors, and visual hallucination-like experiences in a non-clinical sample

Smailes

Burdis

Gregoriou

et al. 2019

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

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“…It can also account for experimental evidence of an increase in intrusive cognitions in people with AVH and TI, both in the presence (Brebion et al 2010; Brebion et al 2012; see also Marzillier and Steel 2007) and the absence of a specific task (Lobban et al 2002; Morrison and Baker 2000). For example, both healthy individuals prone to hearing voices and patients with ‘thought interference’ (e.g., thought insertion) have higher scores on self-report measures of intrusive thoughts in daily life (e.g., There are thoughts that keep jumping into my head) compared to controls (Linney and Peters 2007; Smailes et al 2015; Varese et al 2010; Vellante et al 2012). …”

Section: An Auditory Processing Stream Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Neuropsychological Approach to Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Thought Insertion - Grounded in Normal Voice Perception

Badcock

2015

Rev.Phil.Psych.

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A neuropsychological perspective on auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) links key phenomenological features of the experience, such as voice location and identity, to functionally separable pathways in normal human audition. Although this auditory processing stream (APS) framework has proven valuable for integrating research on phenomenology with cognitive and neural accounts of hallucinatory experiences, it has not yet been applied to other symptoms presumed to be closely related to AVH – such as thought insertion (TI). In this paper, I propose that an APS framework offers a useful way of thinking about the experience of TI as well as AVH, providing a common conceptual framework for both. I argue that previous self-monitoring theories struggle to account for both the differences and similarities in the characteristic features of AVH and TI, which can be readily accommodated within an APS framework. Furthermore, the APS framework can be integrated with predictive processing accounts of psychotic symptoms; makes predictions about potential sites of prediction error signals; and may offer a template for understanding a range of other symptoms beyond AVH and TI.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13164-015-0270-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Kelsall-Foreman et al (2020) reported a two-factor model in the general population, one factor being body-centered experiences and the other external experiences. Smailes et al (2015) found that high scorers on CAPS reported more false alarms on an auditory signal detection task, reflecting a tendency to “detect” stimulation when there was none.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

The role of anomalous perception in Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response.

Kilborn¹,

Smith²,

Clark³

2024

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice

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Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is a tingling sensation that usually occurs as a response to a stimulus in another modality without tactile stimulation, and with concomitant affective reactions that are generally pleasant. The tingling sensation, often associated with the scalp and nape of the neck, exemplifies an atypical or anomalous perception given the absence of actual somatosensory stimulation. The present study examined scores on an ASMR scale with several measures of anomalous perceptions, such as hallucinations, to determine whether a general tendency to experience anomalous sensations can explain ASMR experiences. Three groups completed a series of questionnaires: A true-ASMR group from an online ASMR site that responded "yes" to a screening item and two groups from the general population, a Control group that responded "no" to an ASMR screening question, and a quasi-ASMR group that unexpectedly responded "yes." For all groups, the ASMR and anomalous perception scores correlated positively. As expected, the two "yes" groups scored higher on the ASMR scale than Controls; however, only for the quasi-ASMR group did anomalous perception scores differ from the Control group and mediate some of the difference in their ASMR scores. These results provide mixed support for the role of anomalous perception in AMSR experiences, have implications for comparative studies of ASMR, and suggest avenues for future research to identify and understand "real" ASMR effects.

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Associations between intrusive thoughts, reality discrimination and hallucination-proneness in healthy young adults

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Pareidolia-proneness, reality discrimination errors, and visual hallucination-like experiences in a non-clinical sample

Pareidolia-proneness, reality discrimination errors, and visual hallucination-like experiences in a non-clinical sample

A Neuropsychological Approach to Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Thought Insertion - Grounded in Normal Voice Perception

The role of anomalous perception in Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response.

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