Associations Between Perceived Social Reactions to Trauma‐Related Experiences With PTSD and Depression Among Veterans Seeking PTSD Treatment

Schumm, Jeremiah A.; Koucky, Ellen M.; Bartel, Alisa

doi:10.1002/jts.21879

Cited by 17 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In our study, only general disapproval-not family disapproval-was positively related to PTSD. This pattern has been shown before (Schumm et al, 2014), but the reasons for these findings are not yet well understood. Ullman and Filipas (2001) suggested that different origins of acknowledgment may become more or less important according to an individual's cultural background, sex, or type of traumatic experience.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Social Acknowledgment of Violent Experiences and Its Role in PTSD and Appetitive Aggression Among High-Risk Males in South Africa

Sommer

Hinsberger

Holtzhausen

et al. 2016

Clinical Psychological Science

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Violence exposure poses a risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and appetitive aggression. Does acknowledgment of violent experiences by one’s social environment also affect these adverse consequences of violence? We investigated relations between number of traumatic event types, number of violent offenses, PTSD symptoms, appetitive aggression, and social acknowledgment. A total of 290 participants were recruited through a Cape Town rehabilitation center for offenders. Using path analysis, we demonstrate higher societal disapproval to be associated with more intense PTSD symptoms and greater appetitive aggression. However, past experiences of recognition were also related to more intense PTSD symptoms. Violence exposure was positively associated with PTSD symptoms and appetitive aggression, and a higher number of violent offenses was related to greater appetitive aggression. Results indicate that besides violence exposure, social acknowledgment may play a significant role in the severity of PTSD and appetitive aggression. Intervention programs should not neglect targeting social structures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Social Acknowledgment of Violent Experiences and Its Role in PTSD and Appetitive Aggression Among High-Risk Males in South Africa

Sommer

Hinsberger

Holtzhausen

et al. 2016

Clinical Psychological Science

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“…Schumm et al (2014), who performed structural equation modelling of the results of their study of US military veterans seeking PTSD treatment, found that General Disapproval was positively and significantly related to PTSD, whereas both Recognition and Family Disapproval were not. The results of their study also showed that General Disapproval was the only SAQ factor that was significantly related to both PTSD and depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research conducted in Germany, Ingushetia, China and the USA has proven that social acknowledgement is negatively correlated with PTSD symptoms (e.g. Maercker & Müller, 2004; Maercker, Povilonyte, Lianova, & Pöhlmann, 2009; Mueller, Orth, Wang, & Maercker, 2009; Schumm, Koucky & Bartel, 2014). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, Koenen, Stellman, Stellman and Sommer (2003) found that high levels of combat exposure and perceived negative community attitudes upon homecoming are the most important predictors of chronic PTSD among war veterans. In a study of veterans seeking PTSD treatment (Schumm, Koucky, & Bartel, 2014), General Disapproval (as measured with the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire) was positively and significantly related to PTSD, whereas neither Perceived Recognition from closer community members nor Family Disapproval was significantly related to PTSD.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Posttraumatic stress symptoms among Polish World War II survivors: the role of social acknowledgement

Lis-Turlejska

Szumiał²,

Drapała³

2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: There is growing evidence of the important role played by socio-interpersonal variables on the maintenance of PTSD. Many World War II survivors in Poland could, as a result of political circumstances during the aftermath of the war, have experienced a lack of social recognition of their war-related trauma. Objective: The main aim of the study was to examine the association between perceived social reactions and the level of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD) and depression. Method: Participants (N = 120) were aged 71–97 years (M = 82.44; SD = 6.14). They completed a WWII trauma-related questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). The Social Acknowledgement Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to measure participants’ perception of others’ acknowledgement and disapproval of their war trauma. Results: The rate of probable PTSD, diagnosed according to DSM-IV, was 38.3%. PTSD symptoms and General Disapproval were significantly correlated for all three PTSD symptom groups (Pearson’s r ranged from .25 to .41). The structural equation modelling results also demonstrated the importance of General Disapproval with regard to the level of PTSD symptoms. It explained both the intensity of PTSD symptoms (13.4% of variance) and the level of depression (12.0% of variance). Conclusion: In addition to confirming the high rate of PTSD among WWII survivors in Poland, the results indicate the importance of social reactions to survivors’ traumatic experiences.

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“…Alternatively speaking, trauma victims may either experience support from their close surroundings or negative reactions toward their experiences such as being ignored or even blamed for the trauma. Several studies have shown that social acknowledgment is negatively associated with PTSD symptoms among various populations posttrauma (e.g., Maercker and Müller, 2004;Mueller et al, 2009), a trend that is most apparent among war survivors (Schumm et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Psychological Consequences of World War II Trauma Among Polish Survivors: A Mixed-Methods Study on the Role of Social Acknowledgment

et al. 2020

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Background: The research on the psychological consequences of World War II (WWII) trauma has predominantly focused on concentration camp and Holocaust survivors. Only a few studies have been undertaken among civilian survivors of WWII. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between perceived social acknowledgment of WWII trauma and the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms among Polish survivors of WWII by employing a mixed-methods design (i.e., a quantitative analysis supported by qualitative interviews). Method: In the quantitative part, 123 participants filled out: the list of WWII-related traumatic events, the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PCL-5), the shortened version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ). In the qualitative part, an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of participants' reminiscences of WWII was examined. Results: Although we observed a direct positive association between the number of WWII-related traumatic events and the intensity of PTSD and depressive symptoms, these relationships changed when we entered the social acknowledgment construct into the model. Specifically, we found that perceived social acknowledgment (general disapproval) was a mediator of the relationship between the number of WWII traumatic events and the intensity of PTSD symptoms only, and not of depressive symptoms. In the qualitative part, three themes relating to traumatic reminiscences emerged among the participants: parental efficacy, parental betrayal, and support from the invader. Conclusion: Our study showed the significance of the general social acknowledgment in the long-term mental consequences of the WWII trauma in Poland. In addition, the results of our study may be an adjunct to the discussion on the long-term impact of WWII trauma in Poland and the factors that hindered its social recognition.

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Associations Between Perceived Social Reactions to Trauma‐Related Experiences With PTSD and Depression Among Veterans Seeking PTSD Treatment

Cited by 17 publications

References 34 publications

Social Acknowledgment of Violent Experiences and Its Role in PTSD and Appetitive Aggression Among High-Risk Males in South Africa

Social Acknowledgment of Violent Experiences and Its Role in PTSD and Appetitive Aggression Among High-Risk Males in South Africa

Posttraumatic stress symptoms among Polish World War II survivors: the role of social acknowledgement

Long-Term Psychological Consequences of World War II Trauma Among Polish Survivors: A Mixed-Methods Study on the Role of Social Acknowledgment

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