Associations between phytohormones and cellulose biosynthesis in land plants

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Phytohormones are small molecules that regulate virtually every aspect of plant growth and development; from basic cellular processes, such as cell expansion and division, to whole plant environmental responses. While the phytohormone levels and distribution thus tell the plant how to adjust itself, the corresponding growth alterations are actuated by cell wall modification/synthesis and internal turgor. Plant cell walls are complex polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrixes that surround all plant cells. Among the cell wall components, cellulose is typically the major polysaccharide, and is the load-bearing structure of the walls. Hence, the cell wall distribution of cellulose, which is synthesized by large Cellulose Synthase protein complexes at the cell surface, directs plant growth.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Scope</jats:title> <jats:p>Here, we review the relationships between key phytohormone classes and cellulose deposition in plant systems. We present the core signaling pathways associated with each phytohormone and discuss the current understanding of how these signaling pathways impact cellulose biosynthesis with a particular focus on transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Because cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane significantly impact the trajectories of Cellulose Synthase Complexes, we also discuss the current understanding of how phytohormone signaling impacts the cortical microtubule array.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>Given the importance of cellulose deposition and phytohormone signaling in plant growth and development, one would expect that there is substantial cross-talk between these processes; however, mechanisms for many of these relationships remain unclear and should be considered as the target of future studies.</jats:p> </jats:sec>

Retraction: Physiological Responses of Pea Plants to Salinity and Gibberellic Acid

“…According to some authors, the resulting decrease in pH has led to a loosening of the wall structure, either through the rupture and reconstitution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides normally binding cellulose microfibrils, or through the action of a new class of proteins called expansins, which break hydrogen bridges between wall polysaccharides [30]. Indeed, gibberellins promote a transverse arrangement of microtubules, located immediately below the plasma membrane, and control the orientation of those of cellulose and, consequently, the great longitudinal growth or root elongation [31].…”

Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean

“…INA, as structural SA analogue, could stimulate cellulose synthesis. This polysaccharide is precisely regulated by growth factors, and previous studies have suggested the relation between SA and cellulose accumulation [ 85 ].…”

Regulation of Plant Responses to Salt Stress

“…Cell wall synthesis is tightly regulated by phytohormones, particularly ABA. Both ABA synthesis and signaling are involved in secondary cell wall thickening and lignification [ 110 , 111 ]. SnRK2 kinases, namely, SnRK2.2, 2.3, and 2.6, regulate secondary wall biosynthesis by physically interacting with a NAC family transcription factor, namely NAC secondary wall thickening promoting factor 1 (NST1).…”