Associations between the Cervical Vertebral Column and Craniofacial Morphology

Sonnesen, Liselotte

doi:10.1155/2010/295728

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Abnormal morphology in these studies was categorized as non-iatrogenic endogenous fusions or posterior arch deficiencies. The prevalence of morphological deviations in patients with sleep apnea was 46 and 43 % in the two studies, with endogenous fusions being the vastly predominant abnormality [4,6]. The 46 % prevalence of cervical fusion in patients with OSA described by Sonnesen [4] was significantly higher than the 14 % prevalence of cervical fusion in a control group of healthy students and staff from the researchers' academic department.…”

Section: Abnormal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 77%

“…In the literature, only two studies have attempted to investigate morphology of the cervical spine in patients with sleep apnea [4,6]. In patients with an AHI score greater than 5, lateral radiographs with standardized head posture were taken of 91 [4] and 74 [6] consecutive patients.…”

Section: Abnormal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In patients with an AHI score greater than 5, lateral radiographs with standardized head posture were taken of 91 [4] and 74 [6] consecutive patients. Abnormal morphology in these studies was categorized as non-iatrogenic endogenous fusions or posterior arch deficiencies.…”

Section: Abnormal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upper airway is normally maintained by the bony and cartilaginous structures surrounding the naso-and oropharynx. Multiple factors such as obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, and upper airway tissue abnormalities may predispose patients to apneic events [4]. Craniofacial abnormalities include abnormal maxillary or short mandibular size, a wide craniofacial base, adenoid hypertrophy, or extended head posture [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple factors such as obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, and upper airway tissue abnormalities may predispose patients to apneic events [4]. Craniofacial abnormalities include abnormal maxillary or short mandibular size, a wide craniofacial base, adenoid hypertrophy, or extended head posture [4]. Furthermore, anatomic studies of the pharynx and upper airway have demonstrated a greater tendency for a functionally passive and anatomically narrow pharynx to collapse more easily in patients with OSA [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep apnea and cervical spine pathology

et al. 2013

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Purpose Sleep apnea is a multi-factorial disease with a variety of identified causes. With its close proximity to the upper airway, the cervical spine and its associated pathologies can produce sleep apnea symptoms in select populations. The aim of this article was to summarize the literature discussing how cervical spine pathologies may cause sleep apnea. Methods A search of the PubMed database for Englishlanguage literature concerning the cervical spine and its relationship with sleep apnea was conducted. Seventeen published papers were selected and reviewed. Results Single-lesion pathologies of the cervical spine causing sleep apnea include osteochondromas, osteophytes, and other rare pathologies. Multifocal lesions include rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine and endogenous cervical fusions. Furthermore, occipital-cervical misalignment pre-and post-cervical fusion surgery may predispose patients to sleep apnea. Conclusions Pathologies of the cervical spine present significant additional etiologies for producing obstructive sleep apnea in select patient populations. Knowledge of these entities and their pathophysiologic mechanisms is informative for the clinician in diagnosing and managing sleep apnea in certain populations.

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Section: Abnormal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Abnormal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abnormal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep apnea and cervical spine pathology

et al. 2013

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Integration between the cranial boundaries of the nasopharynx and the upper cervical vertebrae in Homo and Pan

Villamil¹,

Santiago-Nazario

2021

The Anatomical Record

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The nasopharynx is an important anatomical structure involved in respiration.Its bony boundaries, including the basicranium and upper cervical vertebrae, may be subject to selective pressures and constraints related to respiratory function. Here, we investigate phenotypic integration, or covariation, between the face, the basicranial boundaries of the nasopharynx, and the atlas and axis to understand constraints affecting these structures. We collected threedimensional coordinate data from a sample of 80 humans and 44 chimpanzees, and used two-block partial least squares to assess RV (a multivariate generalization of Pearson's r 2 ), r PLS , the covariance ratio, and effect size for integration among structures. We find that integration is significant among some of these structures, and that integration between the basicranial nasopharynx and vertebrae and between the face and vertebrae is likely independent. We also find divergences in the pattern of integration between humans and chimpanzees suggesting greater constraints among the human face and nasopharynx, which we suggest are linked to divergent developmental trajectories in the two taxa. Evolutionary changes in human basicranial anatomy, coupled with humanlike developmental trajectories, may have required that the face grow to compensate any variation in nasopharyngeal structure. However, we were unable to determine whether the nasopharynx or the face is more strongly integrated with the vertebrae, and therefore whether respiration or biomechanical considerations related to positional behavior may be more strongly tied to vertebral evolution. Future work should focus on greater sample sizes, soft tissue structures, and more diverse taxa to further clarify these findings.

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Exploring copy number variants in deceased fetuses and neonates with abnormal vertebral patterns and cervical ribs

Schut

Brosens

Dooren

et al. 2020

Birth Defects Research

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Background: Cervical patterning abnormalities are rare in the general population, but one variant, cervical ribs, is particularly common in deceased fetuses and neonates. The discrepancy between the incidence in the general population and early mortality is likely due to indirect selection against cervical ribs. The cause for the co-occurrence of cervical ribs and adverse outcome remains unidentified. Copy number variations resulting in gain or loss of specific genes involved in development and patterning could play a causative role. Methods: Radiographs of 374 deceased fetuses and infants, including terminations of pregnancies, stillbirths and neonatal deaths, were assessed. Copy number profiles of 265 patients were determined using single nucleotide polymorphism array. Results: 274/374 patients (73.3%) had an abnormal vertebral pattern, which was associated with congenital abnormalities. Cervical ribs were present in 188/374 (50.3%) and were more common in stillbirths (69/128 [53.9%]) and terminations of pregnancies (101/188 [53.7%]), compared to live births (18/58, 31.0%). Large (likely) deleterious copy number variants and aneuploidies were prevalent in these patients. None of the rare copy number variants were recurrent or overlapped with candidate genes for vertebral patterning. Conclusions: The large variety of copy number variants in deceased fetuses and neonates with similar abnormalities of the vertebral pattern probably reflects the etiological heterogeneity of vertebral patterning abnormalities. This genetic heterogeneity corresponds with the hypothesis that cervical ribs can be regarded as a sign of disruption of critical, highly interactive stages of embryogenesis. The vertebral pattern can probably provide valuable information regarding fetal and neonatal outcome.

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Associations between the Cervical Vertebral Column and Craniofacial Morphology

Cited by 40 publications

References 49 publications

Sleep apnea and cervical spine pathology

Sleep apnea and cervical spine pathology

Integration between the cranial boundaries of the nasopharynx and the upper cervical vertebrae in Homo and Pan

Exploring copy number variants in deceased fetuses and neonates with abnormal vertebral patterns and cervical ribs

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