Associations of barn air quality parameters with ultrasonographic lung lesions, airway inflammation and infection in group-housed calves

Leenen, Katharina van; Jouret, Jonathan; Demeyer, Peter; Driessche, Laura Van; Cremer, Lieze De; Masmeijer, Christien; Boyen, Filip; Deprez, Piet; Pardon, Bart

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105056

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Furthermore, the difference between the two groups of the total hepatization areas was reduced from 8.05 cm 2 at T0 to 2.50 cm 2 at T5. According to the literature, lung consolidation refers to non-aerated lung areas and is associated with pneumonia during BRD [26,30,31]. The lung consolidation areas detected with TUS at a single moment may represent an acute or chronic inflammatory process [31].…”

Section: Difference Between the Healthy Group And The Group Affected ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the literature, lung consolidation refers to non-aerated lung areas and is associated with pneumonia during BRD [26,30,31]. The lung consolidation areas detected with TUS at a single moment may represent an acute or chronic inflammatory process [31]. The reduction in the size of the lesions is probably due to recovery processes of the lung tissue, and the reduction in the inflammatory process response due to early antibiotic and anti-inflammatory administration with the resolution of acute pneumonia caused by BRD.…”

Section: Difference Between the Healthy Group And The Group Affected ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lung Ultrasonography and Clinical Follow-Up Evaluations in Fattening Bulls Affected by Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) during the Restocking Period and after Tulathromycin and Ketoprofen Treatment

Fiore

Lisuzzo

Beltrame³

et al. 2022

Animals

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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a global infectious disease, causing decreased well-being and economic losses in livestock, frequently during the restocking period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) to assess BRD in restocked animals, and the effectiveness of tulathromycin and ketoprofen treatment in sick animals. A total of 60 Limousin fattening bulls were enrolled. On the day of restocking (T0), the animals were divided into two groups based on TUS assessment of six lung areas: group C (ultrasonography score (US score) < 3) and group D (US score ≥ 3). Group D received a single administration of tulathromycin and ketoprofen at T0: this group was revaluated after 1.5, 3, 7, and 14 days. Both groups were revaluated after 21 days. The two groups showed a significant difference both in US score and clinical symptoms (respiratory score, nasal and ocular discharges, and rectal temperature) at T0. In group D, the treatment was effective in improving the clinical symptoms and US score, particularly reducing the severity of lung lesions. TUS represents a non-invasive and cost-effective tool for BRD early diagnosis and for monitoring treatment efficacy in restocked livestock.

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Section: Difference Between the Healthy Group And The Group Affected ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Difference Between the Healthy Group And The Group Affected ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung Ultrasonography and Clinical Follow-Up Evaluations in Fattening Bulls Affected by Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) during the Restocking Period and after Tulathromycin and Ketoprofen Treatment

Fiore

Lisuzzo

Beltrame³

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…According to other authors [ 5 ], ammonia levels of less than 10 ppm are recommended. Studies [ 11 , 12 ] suggested ammonia concentration in calf housing lower than 3.5–7.0 ppm and 4.7–6 ppm, respectively. Other authors [ 13 ] reported lower risk for respiratory diseases with ammonia concentration below 6 ppm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Quality, Management Practices and Calf Health in Italian Dairy Cattle Farms

Bonizzi

Gislon

Brasca

et al. 2022

Animals

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Among factors that can affect calf health, microbial quality of the pen air is poorly studied. In 25 Italian dairy farms, data concerning air quality in the calf pens, hygiene of pens and equipment, microclimatic conditions, calf health and management were collected during the winter season (January-March 2020 and December-March 2021). The average air Standard Plate Count (SPC) of 85 pens was 4.51 (SD = 0.52) log10 cfu/m3 whereas the average air ammonia concentration was 0.66 (SD = 0.53) ppm. Positive correlations were found between average Temperature Humidity Index (THI) in the pen and air SPC, night maximum THI and air SPC and between SPC and yeast, mould and ammonia concentration in the pen air. The concentrations of E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts in the pen air were higher and calf cough increased as the renewal interval of bedding material became longer. High bedding dry matter and low THI were associated with low air SPC, good calf health scores and low mortality. Maintaining low bedding humidity and controlling microclimatic conditions can contribute to enhancing air microbiological quality in the pen and reduce calf diseases and mortality.

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“…In addition to adequate passive transfer of immunity (Windeyer et al, 2014) and implementation of various vaccination protocols (Windeyer et al, 2012;Ollivett et al, 2018;Dubrovsky et al, 2019), improving air quality and barn ventilation is suggested to reduce the risk of respiratory disease (Lago et al, 2006;Gorden and Plummer, 2010). Exposure to increased air velocities (van Leenen et al, 2020b), increasing temperatures (Louie et al, 2018), or aerial pollutants such as ammonia (Schnyder et al, 2019; van Leenen et al, 2020b) has been associated with respiratory disease. Additionally, dust exposure is suggested to be a risk factor for calf pneumonia (Callan and Garry, 2002;Dubrovsky et al, 2019), although only 1 older study found associations between pneumonia incidence and dust (MacVean et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate matter and airborne endotoxin concentration in calf barns and their association with lung consolidation, inflammation, and infection

Leenen

Jouret²,

Demeyer³

et al. 2021

Journal of Dairy Science

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Agricultural operations are important sources of organic dust containing particulate matter (PM) and endotoxins, which have possible negative health consequences for both humans and animals. Dust concentrations and composition in calf barns, as well as the potential health effects for these animals, are scarcely documented. The objective of this study was to measure PM fractions and endotoxin concentrations in calf barns and study their associations with lung consolidation, respiratory tract inflammation, and infection in group-housed calves. In this cross-sectional study, samples from 24 dairy farms and 23 beef farms were collected in Belgium from January to April 2017. PM 1.0 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 (defined as particulate matter passing through a size-selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cutoff at a 1.0-μm, 2.5-μm, and 10-μm aerodynamic diameter, respectively) were sampled during a 24-h period using a Grimm aerosol spectrometer (Grimm Aerosol Technik Ainring GmbH & Co. KG). Endotoxin concentration was measured in the PM 10 fraction. Thoracic ultrasonography was performed and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was collected for cytology and bacteriology. Average PM concentrations were 16.3 μg/m 3 (standard deviation, SD: 17.1; range: 0.20-771), 25.0 μg/m 3 (SD: 25.3; range: 0.50-144.9), and 70.3 μg/m 3 (SD: 54.5; range: 1.6-251.2) for PM 1.0 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 , respectively. Mean endotoxin in the PM 10 fraction was 4.2 endotoxin units (EU)/μg (SD: 5.50; range: 0.03-30.3). Concentrations in air were 205.7 EU/m 3 (SD: 197.5; range: 2.32-901.0). Lung consolidations with a depth of ≥1, ≥3, and ≥6 cm were present in 43.1% (146/339), 27.4% (93/339), and 15.3% (52/339) of the calves, respectively. Exposure to fine (PM 1.0 ) PM fractions was associated with increased odds of lung consolidations of ≥1 cm (odds ratio, OR: 3.3; confidence interval (CI): 1.5-7.1), ≥3 cm (OR: 2.8; CI: 1.2-7.1), and ≥6 cm (OR: 12.3; CI: 1.2-125.0). The odds of having lung consolidations of ≥1 cm (OR: 13.9; CI: 3.4-58.8) and ≥3 cm (OR: 6.7; 1.7-27.0) were higher when endotoxin concentrations in the dust mass exceeded 8.5 EU/μg. Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage was positively associated with PM 10 concentration, and epithelial cell percentage was negatively associated with this fraction. Concentration of PM 2.5 was positively associated with epithelial cell percentage and isolation of Pasteurella multocida. Although concentrations of fine dust are lower in calf barns than in poultry and pig housings, in this study they were associated with pneumonia in calves. Dust control strategies for reducing fine dust fractions in calf barns may benefit human and animal respiratory health.

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Associations of barn air quality parameters with ultrasonographic lung lesions, airway inflammation and infection in group-housed calves

Cited by 33 publications

References 43 publications

Lung Ultrasonography and Clinical Follow-Up Evaluations in Fattening Bulls Affected by Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) during the Restocking Period and after Tulathromycin and Ketoprofen Treatment

Lung Ultrasonography and Clinical Follow-Up Evaluations in Fattening Bulls Affected by Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) during the Restocking Period and after Tulathromycin and Ketoprofen Treatment

Air Quality, Management Practices and Calf Health in Italian Dairy Cattle Farms

Particulate matter and airborne endotoxin concentration in calf barns and their association with lung consolidation, inflammation, and infection

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