Associations of Dietary Antioxidants with Glycated Hemoglobin and Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been associated with increased risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and poor glycemic control and oxidative stress play a major role in its pathology. There is a lack of data on the role of dietary antioxidant micronutrients, including vitamins and trace elements, in glycemic control in T1D. The aim of this study is to examine associations of dietary intakes of micronutrients with glycemic status. We report data from a cross-sectional analysis from the coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes (CACTI) study ( n = 1257 ; T1D: n = 568 ; nondiabetic controls: n = 689 ) collected between the years 2000 and 2002. Participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire, a physical examination, and biochemical analyses. Linear regression was used to examine the associations of dietary antioxidant micronutrients with HbA1c and estimated insulin sensitivity (eIS) in models adjusted for relevant covariates and stratified by diabetes status. In adults with T1D, we observed higher dietary manganese intake associated with higher eIS in the model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, and total calories. In nondiabetic controls, higher intake of manganese associated with lower HbA1c and higher eIS values that persisted in models adjusted for all relevant covariates. On the other hand, dietary copper revealed a positive association with HbA1c in models adjusted for all covariates, except BMI and plasma lipids. No associations were noted for vitamins C and E and dietary carotenoids in either group. These findings reveal dietary antioxidant micronutrients, especially trace elements such as copper and manganese deserve special attention in glycemic control in adults with T1D as well as in nondiabetic controls.This trial is register with NCT00005754.

Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Fiber Intake with Glycated Hemoglobin and Estimated Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes

“…On the other hand, a low-fat diet for three months improved insulin sensitivity in adults with T1D (N = 10) [59]. Our previous crosssectional report shows higher dietary manganese intake to be positively associated with estimated insulin sensitivity in T1D adults as well as in non-diabetic controls [60]. Thus, multiple dietary factors may be required to improve insulin sensitivity, and this requires further dose and types of diets examination in clinical trials in adults with established T1D.…”

The Role of Copper Intake in the Development and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

“…Therefore, a high intake of copper elevates oxidative stress, which may contribute to an increased body inflammation [ 36 ]. Copper can cause the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction, which can hinder various physiological processes, including those associated with insulin resistance development and abnormal glucose metabolism [ 35 , 37 ]. A study conducted by Galhardi et al showed that high copper intake promoted oxidative stress development, as well as kidney dysfunction, among rats with diabetes [ 16 ].…”

Single and Combined Associations of Plasma and Urine Essential Trace Elements (Zn, Cu, Se, and Mn) with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

“…In this study, we will focus on four essential trace elements that are frequently investigated for their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors (Zn, Cu, Se, and Mn). Having a significant function as dietary antioxidant micronutrients, these trace elements are cofactors in a large number of enzymes that participate in the antioxidant defense system and are related to changes in the body’s homeostatic mechanisms, especially inflammation and oxidative stress, which are vital for optimum health [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”