Associations of Dietary Factors with Cutaneous Melanoma: A Case-Control Study in Greece with Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: It has been postulated that nutrition may influence the risk for cutaneous melanoma (CM); therefore, we aimed to assess the associations of food groups and individual nutrient intakes with CM in a Greek population. Methods: In this case-control study, 151 patients with histologically confirmed CM, newly diagnosed and treated in the Oncology Department of the ‘Laikon’ University Hospital (Athens, Greece), and 151 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals residing in the Athens metropolitan area, recruited among participants for routine health examinations were included. All participants completed a questionnaire comprising anthropometric measurements, sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related variables. A validated, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess average consumption of 136 food items during the 12 months preceding the onset of disease. Multivariate conditional regression models were used to derive odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) regarding the association of nine food groups and seven macronutrients with CM. Results: Statistically significant positive associations with CM were found with higher energy intake (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.22-2.30) and intake of saturated fatty acids (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.00-5.28), after adjusting for sun sensitivity, major depression history and alcohol intake. Inverse associations with higher intake of milk and dairy products (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.48-0.88), fruits (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51-0.90), added lipids (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.91) and sugars and syrups (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53-0.93), were also observed. Conclusions: Beyond intrinsic risk factors, our results support associations of CM with multiple food groups and nutrients; if confirmed by prospective studies, these findings can add further knowledge for this fatal cancer.