Associations of Nutrient Patterns with the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: Results from the Baseline Data of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study

Abstract

: The association between nutrient patterns and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been examined in a Japanese population. A cross-sectional study was performed on 30,108 participants (aged 35–69 years) in the baseline survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. Dietary intake was assessed using a 46-item food frequency questionnaire. MetS was diagnosed according to the Joint Interim Statement Criteria of 2009, using body mass index instead of waist circumference. Factor analysis was applied to energy-adjusted intake of 21 nutrients, and three nutrient patterns were extracted: Factor 1 (fiber, potassium and vitamins pattern); Factor 2 (fats and fat-soluble vitamins pattern); and Factor 3 (saturated fatty acids, calcium and vitamin B2 pattern). In multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, and other potential confounders, Factor 1 scores were associated with a significantly reduced odds ratio (OR) of MetS and all five components. Factor 2 scores were associated with significantly increased prevalence of MetS, obesity, and high blood pressure. Factor 3 scores were significantly associated with lower OR of MetS, high blood pressure, high serum triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol levels. Analysis of nutrient patterns may be useful to assess the overall quality of diet and its association with MetS.

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Risks in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey, 2011–2015

“…For the vegetable dietary pattern, our results were consistent with other studies with regard to decreased risk of obesity [28], low HDL-C concentration [15], and high LDL-C concentration [34]. A Japanese study reported an inverse association of MetS and all its components with the intake of folate, dietary fiber, carotene, iron, vitamin C, and potassium, which are abundant in vegetables and fruits [17]. We obtained similar results regarding the inverse association of MetS and all its components with the risk of hypertension [15,16] and diabetes [35] in the main analysis (Model 2).…”

“…In contrast, those who know they had hypertension but were not on medication might relate to an increase in the consumption of vegetables [15]. Hypertension might also be considered as being partially mediated by obesity [17] or sodium [37]; however, we did not observe significant associations in the analysis by adding the BMI for adjustment, and data for sodium or the sodium-potassium ratio were not available. Similar to hypertension, a lack of significant associations in the subgroup analysis for MetS, with a much reduced sample size, needs further investigation.…”

“…Second, we could not compute the food amount or nutrients to derive dietary patterns. Without nutrient intake, it is difficult to evaluate the nutritional status, which is straightforward in the elucidation of underlying biological mechanisms [17,48]. Also, no hormonal information such as insulin and leptin was available for further analysis.…”

“…Snacks increase the risk of hypercholesterolemia [11], while a Mediterranean diet [12,13] and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) [14] are inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, few studies have reported on a relationship between dietary patterns and hypertension, glucose intolerance, blood lipid profiles, and MetS in Japanese populations, which are mainly found in middle-aged and older people [10,[15][16][17]. In this study, we hypothesized that stable dietary patterns might affect late health conditions in adults.…”

The Association between Salt Taste Perception, Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Given that there are still several definitions in use, which differ in their cut-off values for MetS components, the prevalence of MetS in the literature ranges anywhere between 10% and 84%, depending both on the characteristics of the sample and definition used [2]. A majority of the studies indicate that 15% to 40% of the adult population in most countries can be characterized as having MetS [3][4][5][6][7]. Mediterranean countries also exhibit high MetS prevalence, ranging from one quarter to one third of the population [8][9][10].…”