“…This direction explores the integration of advanced machine learning with a traditional statistics field, namely causal inference. Causal inference 1 , 2 works to analyze the relationship between a cause and its effect, 3 which has a wide range of real-world applications in both academic and industrial domains, such as medicine, 4 , 5 , 6 climate, 7 political science, 8 , 9 , 10 and online advertising evaluation. 11 , 12 , 13 Treatment effect estimation is a fundamental problem in causal inference, often applied in policy evaluation.…”