Associations of Perceived Parental Psychological Control with Depression, Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis

The influence of psychological control in parenting on children

“…Parental psychological control hinders adolescents' need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness and therefore may induce internalizing symptoms in adolescents, such as anxiety and depression . It has also been suggested that parental psychological control is also associated with depression as well as anxiety levels in adolescents (Chyung et al, 2021). Results integrating the effects of parental psychological control in relation to depression and anxiety in adolescents showed that although parental psychological control had significant effects on both depression and anxiety in children, the difference between the two was not significant, i.e., the effect size was moderate in relation to depression and less than moderate in relation to anxiety (Chyung et al, 2021).…”

“…It has also been suggested that parental psychological control is also associated with depression as well as anxiety levels in adolescents (Chyung et al, 2021). Results integrating the effects of parental psychological control in relation to depression and anxiety in adolescents showed that although parental psychological control had significant effects on both depression and anxiety in children, the difference between the two was not significant, i.e., the effect size was moderate in relation to depression and less than moderate in relation to anxiety (Chyung et al, 2021). Psychological control is one of the parenting strategies used by parents to shape adolescents' behaviour and speech in line with parental expectations by limiting their expression, withdrawing love as punishment or even physically attacking them (Barber, 1996).…”

Intrusiveness and Emotional Manipulation as Facets of Parental Psychological Control: A Culturally and Developmentally Sensitive Reconceptualization

“…Parental psychological control (PPC) has been the focus of more than 750 articles over the last 5 decades. Most highlight the adverse developmental consequences of PPC for child development (see meta-analyses from Chyung et al, 2021, Hoeve et al, 2009Pinquart, 2017aPinquart, , 2017b. In addition to externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms, PPC has been associated with developmental outcomes such as poor self-concept (e.g., Choe et al, 2020b), low self-esteem (e.g., Huey et al, 2020), poor emotion regulation (Gong & Wang, 2021), aggression justifying beliefs (Choe et al, 2022), low empathy (e.g., Choe et al, 2020b), poor friendship (Dickson et al, 2018), poor relationship qualities (e.g., Choe et al, 2021), and poor academic functioning (e.g., Xu et al, 2020).…”

Intrusive parenting in early childhood: A review and meta‐analysis

“…First, according to Grusec and Davidov's (2010) domain-specific perspective of parenting, harsh parenting and intrusive parenting as defined in the present study belong to two different domains, and they may affect children's developmental outcomes in different ways. Second, parents' psychological control as perceived by children has a stronger correlation with children's suboptimal development than does the actual degree of parental psychological control (Chyung et al, 2022), but children who are younger than 10 years old cannot take written tests. Table 1 summarizes the abovementioned terms.…”

“…Generally, harsh parenting and psychological control are inherently intrusive and evoke physical or emotional pain in the child through internal and external pressure (Hecker et al, 2016; Levitt et al, 2020). Many studies indicate that these behaviors are related to maladjustment (Chyung et al, 2022; Pinquart, 2021), but they were excluded from this study for the following reasons. First, according to Grusec and Davidov's (2010) domain‐specific perspective of parenting, harsh parenting and intrusive parenting as defined in the present study belong to two different domains, and they may affect children's developmental outcomes in different ways.…”