Associations of serum amyloid A and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D with diabetic nephropathy: A cross‐sectional study

Abstract

Due to the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it has become an important problem affecting public health. 1,2 Diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of the common longterm microvascular complications of T2DM, is the main cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. 3 The early features of DN are glomerular and tubular epithelial hypertrophy, thickened basement membrane and excessive extracellular matrix deposition, which, in turn, leads to glomerular sclerosis and tubular interstitial fibrosis. 4 The main clinical manifestations of DN are progressive proteinuria and a decline in renal function. 4 At present, the mechanism of DN is not completely clear, but its early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical to reversing or delaying the renal function damage, so the identification of serum markers is very important.

Role of Hypovitaminosis D in Diabetes-Related Anemia of Chronic Disease and Value of Its Replacement in Response to Therapy: A Randomized Control Trial

“…However, according to several animal and human studies, vitamin D appears to play a significant role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Patients with diabetes and low serum levels of vitamin D are at an increased risk of DKD and the subsequent deterioration of renal function (7,17) . Regarding inflammatory markers, the current study showed that there was a statistically significantly higher CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in DM group with anemia especially those with low vit D than those who did not have anemia.…”

Serum amyloid A and metabolic disease: evidence for a critical role in chronic inflammatory conditions

“…However, a strong association exists between diabetes and SAA that is independent of obesity. One study of 182 T2D subjects showed elevated serum SAA levels compared to healthy weight-matched controls (n = 180), with mean BMI of 24 in both groups (147). A small study similarly showed that SAA levels were elevated in age-and weight-matched subjects with T2D compared with normoglycemic controls (73).…”

“…Thus, while the diabetic state and SAA levels are directly associated, whether SAA plays a distinct role in T2D pathology independent of a role in obesity remains to be determined. SAA levels are further elevated in subjects with T2D and nephropathy (147,150) and retinopathy (151). SAA may be an important predictor for end-stage renal disease and death in patients with diabetic kidney disease, with elevated intra-renal SAA expression (152).…”

Vitamin D and Diabetic Kidney Disease

“…Patients with diabetes and low serum levels of vitamin D are at an increased risk of DKD and the subsequent deterioration of renal function [ 45 , 46 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ]. A new strategy for treating DKD involves supplementation with vitamin D in addition to conventional glycemic control and RAS blockade [ 93 ].…”