Associations of Serum Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Placental Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Early Pregnancy, Measured in the UPSIDE Study in Rochester, New York

Abstract

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely detected in pregnant women and associated with adverse outcomes related to impaired placental function. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a dimeric glycoprotein hormone that can indicate placental toxicity. Objectives: Our aim was to quantify the association of serum PFAS with placental hCG, measured as an intact molecule (hCG), as free alpha-( ) and beta-subunits ( ), and as a hyperglycosylated form (h-hCG), and evaluate effect measure modification by social determinants and by fetal sex. Methods: Data were collected from 326 pregnant women enrolled from 2015 to 2019 in the UPSIDE study in Rochester, New York. hCG forms were normalized for gestational age at the time of blood draw in the first trimester [multiple of the median (MoM)]. Seven PFAS were measured in second-trimester maternal serum. Multivariate imputation by chained equations and inverse probability weighting were used to evaluate robustness of linear associations. PFAS mixture effects were estimated by Bayesian kernel machine regression. Results: Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) [ : 0.29 log MoM units per log PFHxS; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08, 0.51] and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (hCG: ; 95% CI: , ) were associated with hCG in the single chemical and mixture analyses. The PFAS mixture was negatively associated with and positively with . Subgroup analyses revealed that PFAS associations with hCG differed by maternal race/ethnicity and education. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) was associated with only in Black participants ( ; 95% CI: , ) and in participants with high school education or less ( ; 95% CI: , ); conversely, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was negatively associated with only in White participants ( ; 95% CI: , ) and with only in participants with a college education or greater ( ; 95% CI: , ). These findings were robust to testing for selection bias, confounding bias, and left truncation bias where PFAS detection frequency was . Two associations were negative in male (and null in female) pregnancies: Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) with , and PFNA with h-hCG. Conclusions: Evidence was strongest for the association between PFHxS and PFDA with hCG in all participants and for PFPeA and PFNA within subgroups defined by social determinants and fetal sex. PFAS mixture associations with and differed, suggesting subunit-specific types of toxicity and/or regulation. Future studies will evaluate the biologic...