Associations of the Cardiometabolic Index with the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Hypertension and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Results of a Longitudinal Cohort Study

Abstract

Purpose. We aimed to explore the relationship between the cardiometabolic index (CMI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its subtypes (coronary artery disease and stroke) in patients with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study enrolling 2067 participants from the Urumqi Research on Sleep Apnea and Hypertension study. The CMI was calculated as triglyceride to high ‐ density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio × waist ‐ to ‐ height ratio . Participants were divided into three groups (T1, T2, and T3) according to the tertile of CMI. The Kaplan-Meier method helped to calculate the cumulative incidence of CVD in different groups. We assessed the association of CMI with the risk of CVD and CVD subtypes by estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox models. Results. During a median follow-up of 6.83 years (interquartile range: 5.92-8.00 years), 326 incident CVD were identified, including 121 incident stroke and 205 incident coronary heart disease (CHD). Overall, after adjusting for confounding variables, CMI was positively associated with the risk of new-onset CVD (per SD increment, adjusted HR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.43), new-onset CHD (per SD increment, adjusted HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.48), and new-onset stroke (per SD increment, adjusted HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.47). Similar results were obtained in various subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Adding CMI to the baseline risk model for CVD improved the C -index ( P < 0.001 ), continuous net reclassification improvement ( P < 0.001 ), and integrated discrimination index ( P < 0.001 ). Similar results were observed for CHD and stroke. Conclusion. There was a positive association between CMI levels and the risk of new-onset CVD in patients with hypertension and OSA. This finding suggests that CMI may help identify people at high risk of developing CVD.

Relationship of the metabolic score for insulin resistance and the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension: A cohort study

“…Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism are common in hypertensive patients, and insulin resistance (IR) serves an essential function in this biological procedure (7)(8)(9). IR is not only an important contributor to the progression of arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome but also a risk factor for stroke development.…”

“…IR is not only an important contributor to the progression of arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome but also a risk factor for stroke development. Therefore, early discovery and control of IR may help in the early prevention of stroke (9)(10)(11)(12). Currently, there are several methods available to assess IR.…”

Dietary fat types consumption association with obesity and coronary indices

“…• BAI = Hip circumference (cm) (Height (m))1.5 − 18 (9) • AVI = (2(WC(cm)) 2 + 0.7(waist − hip) 2 )/1, 000 (25) • BRI = 364.2 − 365.5 1 − (Waist circumference(cm)/2p) 2 (0.5 * Height (cm)) 2 (25) • WWI = (waist circumference (cm))/(weight (kg)) 0.5 (28,29) • AIP = Log(TG(mmol/L)/HDL-C(mmol/L)) (30) • LAP index for males = TG(mmol/L) × (waist(cm) − 65) (31) • LAP index for females = TG(mmol/L) × (waist(cm) − 58) (31) • CMI = TG/HDL-C × (waist-to-height ratio) (32) Moreover, participants were asked to schedule another meeting, where participants came to the centre after fasting for 12 h to collect their blood samples to analyse the triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Also, two nonconsecutive 24-h daily recalls were collected (weekday and weekend).…”

Association between cardiometabolic index and testosterone among adult males: A cross- sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016

“…The Cardiometabolic Index, calculated by multiplying Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/L)/High-density lipidcholesterol (HDL-C) (mmol/L) × waist-to-height Ratio(WHtR), was a new index to assess visceral fat distribution and Metabolic dysfunction(8). Early research showed its close relationship in patients with cardiovascular disease (9), kidney disease (10), erectile dysfunction (11), diabetes (12), and adverse metabolic. Evidence suggests that CMI is a promising predictor of metabolic-related diseases (13).…”