Associative learning and elemental representation: II. Generalization and discrimination

McLaren, I.P.L.; Mackintosh, N. J.

doi:10.3758/bf03192828

Cited by 266 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Consequently, during the PIT test, the tobacco and chocolate stimuli retrieved an expectation of a range of their associated outcomes (S-O), which through a process of generalisation (McLaren & Mackintosh, 2002) and inference (Mitchell, De Houwer, & Lovibond, 2009), increased the expected probability of the instrumental outcomes (points) with shared category membership (Wills & Pothos, 2012), which in turn elicited the associated response through the O-R or ideomotor link. In short, PIT was mediated by an S-O-R inference between predictive and instrumental knowledge (Balleine, et al, 2011;).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, the cigarette picture enhanced choice of tobacco points and the chocolate picture enhanced choice of chocolate points. The implication is that the pictures, through a process of generalisation (McLaren & Mackintosh, 2002) and inference (Mitchell, De Houwer, & Lovibond, 2009), increased the expected probability of the outcome with which it shared category membership (Wills & Pothos, 2012), which in turn, enhanced choice of that outcome. This nominal PIT test is comparable to standard PIT procedures insofar as the pictures should have been associated with their consummatory rewards in participants' extra-experimental history, but have never been reinforced contiguously with the instrumental responses, precluding interpretation of the cue effect on choice by the formation of a direction association between the stimulus and the response, which was the original objective of the PIT design (Balleine & Ostlund, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Goal-directed and transfer-cue-elicited drug-seeking are dissociated by pharmacotherapy: Evidence for independent additive controllers.

Hogarth

2012

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

138

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According to contemporary learning theory, drug-seeking behaviour reflects the summation of two dissociable controllers. Whereas goal-directed drug-seeking is determined by the expected current incentive value of the drug, stimulus-elicited drug-seeking is determined by the expected probability of the drug independently of its current incentive value, and these two controllers contribute additively to observed drug-seeking. One applied prediction of this model is that smoking cessation pharmacotherapies selectively attenuate tonic but not cueelicited craving because they downgrade the expected incentive value of the drug but leave expected probability intact. To test this, the current study examined whether nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) nasal spray would modify goal-directed tobacco choice in a human outcome devaluation procedure, but leave cue-elicited tobacco choice in a Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (PIT) procedure intact. Smokers (n=96) first underwent concurrent choice training in which two responses earned tobacco or chocolate points respectively.Participants then ingested either NRT nasal spray (1mg) or chocolate (147g) to devalue one outcome. Concurrent choice was then tested again in extinction to measure goal-directed control of choice, and in a PIT test to measure the extent to which tobacco and chocolate stimuli enhanced choice of the same outcome. It was found that NRT modified tobacco choice in the extinction test but not the extent to which the tobacco stimulus enhanced choice of the tobacco outcome in the PIT test. This dissociation suggests that the propensity to engage in drug-seeking is determined independently by the expected value and probability of the drug, and that the partial efficacy of pharmacotherapy is due to its selective effect on expected drug value.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goal-directed and transfer-cue-elicited drug-seeking are dissociated by pharmacotherapy: Evidence for independent additive controllers.

Hogarth

2012

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

138

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This generalization of conditioned fear shows that CRs are often elicited by stimuli not associated with the aversive event but which resemble the CS along a formal, perceptual dimension (Honig & Urcuioli, 1981). The study of stimulus generalization processes like this has a long history of research in both Pavlovian and instrumental/operant conditioning (e.g., Hull, 1943;McLaren & Mackintosh, 2002;Pavlov, 1927), but has only recently been extended to fear generalization in humans (Dunsmoor, Mitroff, & LaBar, 2009;Lissek et al, 2008Lissek et al, , 2010Vervliet, Vansteenwegen, Baeyens, Hermans, & Eelen, 2005;Vervliet, Vansteenwegen, & Eelen, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Further, learning theory models of stimulus generalization and discrimination constitute a substantial literature that cannot be covered here due to space constraints (see, for example, McLaren & Mackintosh, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Fear Generalization in Humans: Systematic Review and Implications for Anxiety Disorder Research

et al. 2015

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Fear generalization, in which conditioned fear responses generalize or spread to related stimuli, is a defining feature of anxiety disorders. The behavioral consequences of maladaptive fear generalization are that aversive experiences with one stimulus or event may lead one to regard other cues or situations as potential threats that should be avoided, despite variations in physical form. Theoretical and empirical interest in the generalization of conditioned learning dates to the earliest research on classical conditioning in nonhumans. Recently, there has been renewed focus on fear generalization in humans due in part to its explanatory power in characterizing disorders of fear and anxiety. Here, we review existing behavioral and neuroimaging empirical research on the perceptual and non-perceptual (conceptual and symbolic) generalization of fear and avoidance in healthy humans and patients with anxiety disorders. The clinical implications of this research for understanding the etiology and treatment of anxiety is considered and directions for future research described.

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“…For example, gradient shifts have been obtained with complex stimulus dimensions based on abstract shapes (McLaren, Bennett, Guttman-Nahir, Kim, & Mackintosh, 1995;McLaren & Mackintosh, 2002;Wills & Mackintosh, 1998), spatial location (Cheng & Spetch, 2002;Cheng, Spetch, & Johnston, 1997;Cheng, Spetch, Kelly, & Bingman, 2006), and images of human faces (Derenne & Breitstein, 2006;Lewis & Johnston, 1999;Spetch, Cheng, & Clifford, 2004). in all of these cases, however, the stimulus dimension was relatively unfamiliar and, arguably, of little importance outside the experimental setting.…”

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confidence: 99%

Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

2008

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Fifteen participants were trained on a within-subjects basis with two discrimination training conditions and one simple generalization training (control) condition to determine whether gradient shifts can be obtained within a stimulus dimension consisting of women's waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs). In one discrimination condition, the S-consisted of the "optimal" WHR; in the other, the S-consisted of the approximate mean WHR for adult women. For all three conditions, the S+ was an intermediate value. Under both discrimination training conditions, the generalization gradient was observed to shift away from the S-and

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Associative learning and elemental representation: II. Generalization and discrimination

Cited by 266 publications

References 58 publications

Goal-directed and transfer-cue-elicited drug-seeking are dissociated by pharmacotherapy: Evidence for independent additive controllers.

Goal-directed and transfer-cue-elicited drug-seeking are dissociated by pharmacotherapy: Evidence for independent additive controllers.

Fear Generalization in Humans: Systematic Review and Implications for Anxiety Disorder Research

Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

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