“…antennae, mouthparts and tarsi, causes the hungry insect to extend its proboscis in order to feed. This response, the proboscis extension response (PER), has been utilised to study classical conditioning, particularly appetitive olfactory learning in several insect species, including the honeybee Apis mellifera (Bitterman et al, 1983;Menzel, 1993;Hammer and Menzel, 1995), the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Laloi et al, 1999), and several moth species (Hartlieb, 1996;Fan et al, 1997;Daly et al, 2004;Skiri et al, 2005). In all these species, including moths, it was demonstrated that the olfactory conditioning of the PER is associative.…”