Over the past ten years, there have been many attempts and considerable progress in Artificial Neural Networks (ANN, or NN) as a new and interested tool for identification, modeling and control of the dynamic systems [19,53,59,69,70,75,76,78]. The number of papers in journals and conferences with regard to ANN has increased sharply; monographs, textbooks, proceedings and special issues on the Artificial Neural Networks and ANN-based control have been published one after another. The special issues on the subject are regarded to play an important role in promoting this intellectual trend of thought [33,[35][36][37][38]40].In this chapter, firstly, the origins, characteristics, properties, structures, models and algorithms of ANN will be introduced; then various structures of neurocontrol will be analyzed; finally, a paradigm of NN-based control system will be presented, and some open research and application topics will be discussed.