Astaxanthin Isomers: A Comprehensive Review of Isomerization Methods and Analytic Techniques

Liu, Xiaojuan; Zhou, Lesong; Xie, Junting; Zhang, Junlin; Chen, Zhiqing; Xiao, Jie; Cao, Yong; Xiao, Hang

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06863

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 103 publications

(246 reference statements)

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“…Astaxanthin, a carotenoid mainly found in shrimp, crab, fish, and microalgae with potent antioxidant properties and numerous health benefits, has garnered significant interest. , Similar to other carotenoids, its Z -configuration, particularly 9- Z -astaxanthin, displays superior biological functions to the all- E -isomer. For example, studies have shown that Z -astaxanthin has enhanced anti-inflammatory properties. − Our prior experiments have solidified the role of CD36 as the principal transporter protein facilitating astaxanthin absorption at dietary concentrations .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36) Preferentially Mediates Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Z-Astaxanthin and Especially 9-Z-Isomer via Higher Binding Affinity

Zhang,

Chen,

Lao

et al. 2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Variances in the biological functions of astaxanthin geometric isomers (i.e., all-E, Z) are related to their intestinal absorption, but the mechanism of isomer absorption mediated by transporters remains unclear. Here, models of in vitro cell overexpression, in situ intestinal perfusion, and in vivo mouse inhibition were employed to investigate the impact of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) on the absorption of astaxanthin isomers. Cells overexpressing CD36 notably enhanced the uptake of Zastaxanthin, particularly the 9-Z-isomer (47.76%). The absorption rate and permeability of Z-astaxanthin surpassed that of the all-Eisomer by the in situ model. Furthermore, the addition of the CD36-specific inhibitor sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate significantly reduced the absorption of Z-astaxanthin in the mouse duodenum and jejunum, especially the 9-Z-isomer (57.66%). Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance techniques further validated that 9-Z-astaxanthin binds to more amino acids of CD36 with higher affinity and in a fast-binding, fast-dissociating mode, thus favoring transport. Our findings elucidate, for the first time, the mechanism of the CD36-mediated transmembrane transport of astaxanthin geometric isomers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36) Preferentially Mediates Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Z-Astaxanthin and Especially 9-Z-Isomer via Higher Binding Affinity

Zhang,

Chen,

Lao

et al. 2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Complex formation and stabilization of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters derived from Haematococcus lacustris with water‐soluble carriers via spray drying

Sakaguchi,

Ghosh,

Banik

et al. 2024

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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To enhance the water solubility and bioavailability of astaxanthin esters, inclusion complexes of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters with water‐soluble carriers were prepared using a spray drying technique. A food‐grade Haematococcus alga extract was used as the source of astaxanthin esters, and the Z‐isomerization was performed via direct heating of the extract. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) were used as water‐soluble carriers. The effects of spray drying conditions on the encapsulation efficiency of astaxanthin esters in the carriers and the total Z‐isomer ratio of encapsulated astaxanthin esters were investigated, and the physical properties and storage stability of the resulting composites were evaluated. Under optimum spray drying conditions, efficient production of highly water‐soluble Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters was achieved in both carriers: >95% encapsulation efficiency and >55% total Z‐isomer ratio. The physical properties, such as surface morphology and particle size distributions, of the resulting particles differed significantly between PVP and HP‐β‐CD. Storage tests demonstrated that the formulated Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters were highly stable. Our findings will contribute to the practical applications of Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin materials.Practical Applications: The formulation technology developed in this study has the potential to address the industrial challenges of using astaxanthin, that is, low water solubility and low bioavailability. Furthermore, the low storage stability of astaxanthin Z‐isomers, which hinders their industrial use, can be solved simultaneously. The resulting Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin powders are expected to be used in a wide range of applications, including nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and animal feeds.

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Nutritional Benefits of Lycopene and Beta‐Carotene: A Comprehensive Overview

Tufail,

Bader Ul Ain,

Noreen

et al. 2024

Food Science & Nutrition

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Certain carotene components, such as lycopene and beta‐carotene, are found in tomatoes, carrots, sweet potatoes, etc. and are good for human health. It gives plants their distinctive red color. A class of lipid‐soluble natural pigments known as carotenoids is the precursor of vitamin A and is vital for antioxidant defense against peroxides in cells and tissues. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge and research on the sources, structures, physiochemical properties, absorption and metabolism, functional advantages, and prevention of many diseases associated with lycopene and beta‐carotene. These antioxidants have been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and they also help draw pollinators to flowers. Carrots and sweet potatoes are also rich sources of beta‐carotene, which strengthens the immune system and improves eye health. The vivid color of many plants reproductive organs, including flowers and fruits, is caused by carotenoid, a secondary metabolite that is produced in plastids. The distinctive red color and many other health advantages are attributed to lycopene. When ingested through food or supplements, lycopene and beta‐carotene help manage and prevent a number of diseases, including cancer, metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, hepatic, ophthalmic, skeletal, and infertility disorders. The main point is that toxicity is uncommon, and these carotenoids are generally accepted to be safe at different doses. Including these nutrients in your diet can improve your general health and provide illness prevention.

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Astaxanthin Isomers: A Comprehensive Review of Isomerization Methods and Analytic Techniques

Cited by 7 publications

References 103 publications

Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36) Preferentially Mediates Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Z-Astaxanthin and Especially 9-Z-Isomer via Higher Binding Affinity

Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36) Preferentially Mediates Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Z-Astaxanthin and Especially 9-Z-Isomer via Higher Binding Affinity

Complex formation and stabilization of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters derived from Haematococcus lacustris with water‐soluble carriers via spray drying

Nutritional Benefits of Lycopene and Beta‐Carotene: A Comprehensive Overview

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