Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.

Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction

“…Astaxanthin, a carotenoid with significant varied concentrations in the blood and tissues, exhibits absorption influenced by various factors such as diet, lifestyle, race, dosage, genetics, and co-ingestion with nutrients, especially fats [ 24 , 46 , 50 ]. Despite these influences, as compared with other carotenoids, astaxanthin's bioavailability is noticeably low in relation to its dosage [ 51 ]. Most studies did not detect astaxanthin at the baseline and only after dietary interventions, astaxanthin reached detectable levels between 39 and 52 nmol/l [ 52 , 53 ].…”

“…Astaxanthin's anti-inflammatory property is reported to be through inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) enzyme activities [ 46 ]. In addition to the regulation of the COX2 signalling pathway, astaxanthin also affects nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and C-reactive protein and suppresses the NF-κB-mediated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS, IL-β, [ 51 ]. Based on a clinical study, astaxanthin was more effective when combined with exercise; hence, may be used in combination with exercise therapy and standard therapeutic interventions [ 46 ].…”

Improved Astaxanthin Synthesis in Komagataella phaffii through β-Carotene Ketolase Screening and β-Carotene Hydroxylase Mutagenesis

“…Astaxanthin, a notable carotenoid synthesized via the hydroxylation and ketolation of β-carotene, is highly regarded for its exceptional antioxidant activity . As a valuable natural compound, it is extensively utilized in dietary supplements, animal feeds, cosmetics, and various other sectors . Traditional methods of astaxanthin production include chemical synthesis and extraction from natural organisms, , but these approaches often raise environmental concerns and are burdened by prolonged production cycles.…”

“…As a valuable natural compound, it is extensively utilized in dietary supplements, animal feeds, cosmetics, and various other sectors . Traditional methods of astaxanthin production include chemical synthesis and extraction from natural organisms, , but these approaches often raise environmental concerns and are burdened by prolonged production cycles. The recent advancements in metabolic engineering have opened new avenues for the industrial production of astaxanthin, particularly through heterologous synthesis in model microorganisms.…”

Simultaneous determination of multiple quality indices of dried shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii) during storage using Raman spectroscopy

“…The above‐described reports have revealed the possibility of assessing the quality of dried shrimp based on AST content, which determination methods mainly include UV‐visible spectrophotometry and/or HPLC methods 14 . However, these methods are confronted with several intrinsic constraints, such as invasiveness, time‐consuming, labor‐intensive operation, negative environmental impact and so on.…”