Asthma, airway inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes

Bougault, Valérie; Turmel, Julie; St-Laurent, Julie; Bertrand, Mylène; Boulet, L.-P.

doi:10.1183/09031936.00117708

Cited by 142 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…That observation gives support to our results and to the concept of non-sensitising asthma from low level exposure to irritating agents such as dust, fumes and vapour. Interestingly, outside working life, athletes such as swimmers who are exposed to chlorine and cross-country skiers inhaling cold air are observed as having an increased incidence for asthma (Bougault et al 2009). Again, the exposure of these groups of athletes seems to be non-sensitising.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces and adult-onset asthma in the beginning of this millennium

Graff¹,

Fredrikson²,

Jonsson³

et al. 2011

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces and adult onset asthma -2- AbstractPurpose This case-control study was undertaken to elucidate the controversy concerning whether low level, long-term exposure to non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces may cause asthma.Methods A case-control study of 192 adult onset asthma cases aged 20 -65 years and 323 controls was conducted in the southeast of Sweden. Cases were identified from computerised registers from the region, diagnosed 2000-2004 and diagnoses were confirmed via medical files. Referents were randomised from the population register of the region. Exposure was monitored by a 16-page questionnaire. Special attention was devoted to identifying and in the final analyses excluding subjects exposed to sensitising agents.Results Three years or more of occupational exposure to air pollution from dust, smoke, fumes or vapours before the year of diagnosis by analyses adjusting for age yielded an increased risk for asthma (OR =2.3, 95 % CI 1.2-4.2) in males, while in females no risk was seen. In a multiple logistic regression analysis in males without allergy in childhood, a significant risk was seen (OR=2.8, 95 % CI 1.07 -7.4), when subjects exposed to identified allergens were excluded. In females no excess risk was observed from occupational air pollution. ConclusionThe results of this study support an association between occupational exposure to low level non-sensitising air pollution and adult onset asthma in males.Non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces and adult onset asthma -3-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces and adult-onset asthma in the beginning of this millennium

Graff¹,

Fredrikson²,

Jonsson³

et al. 2011

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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“…Importantly, the long-term inhalation of cool air is associated with the induction of lung injury and airway remodeling in endurance athletes. Winter sports athletes spend many hours per week training in cold and dry air, and it has been observed that they particularly display respiratory symptoms and airway hyper responsiveness (Bougault et al, 2009;Karjalainen et al, 2000;Sue-Chu et al, 1999). Additional studies on temperature fluctuations during hibernation in lung are absent; hence, we investigated changes in lung histology in the hibernating Syrian hamsters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible remodeling of lung tissue during hibernation in the Syrian hamster

Talaei

Hylkema

Bouma

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYDuring hibernation, small rodents such as hamsters cycle through phases of strongly suppressed metabolism with low body temperature (torpor) and full restoration of metabolism and body temperature (arousal). Remarkably, the repetitive stress of cooling-rewarming and hypoxia does not cause irreversible organ damage. To identify adaptive mechanisms protecting the lungs, we assessed histological changes as well as the expression and localization of proteins involved in tissue remodeling in lungs from Syrian hamsters at different phases of hibernation using immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. In torpor (early and late) phase, a reversible increased expression of smooth muscle actin, collagen, angiotensin converting enzyme and transforming growth factor- was found, whereas expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and caveolin-1 was low. Importantly, all these alterations were restored during arousal. This study demonstrates substantial alterations in protein expression mainly in epithelial cells of lungs from hibernating Syrian hamsters. These structural changes of the bronchial airway structure are termed airway remodeling and often occur in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung fibrosis. Unraveling the molecular mechanism leading to reversal of airway remodeling by the end of torpor may identify possible therapeutic targets to reduce progression of this process in patients suffering from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung fibrosis.

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“…Some competitive swimmers develop VCD [59]. Children and adolescents who repeatedly swam, and were exposed to chlorine additives for water disinfection, could become symptomatic [75,[77][78][79][80][81][82]. Apparently, chlorine dissolved in swimming pool water would not pose a danger for the majority of swimmers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vocal Cord Dysfunction after an Inhalation Exposure

Brooks¹

2017

J Allergy Ther

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The manuscript embodies case material and the author's extensive personal experience to address a perceived or actual airborne exposure when incorrectly judged as due to intrathoracic/lung damage when in reality the outcome is the more innocuous extrathoracic/upper airway's vocal cord dysfunction (VCD). Because of the conviction of possible lung injury, the individual applies the fetal protective glottic closure reflex to counteract an odorant cue instigating acute VCD. Breathing against an obstructed glottis as well as hyperventilation from anxiety, panic and/or fear of personal harm worsens the laryngeal spasm. Spirometer shows flattening of the inspiratory loop of the flow-volume curve and endoscopy, while not done, would reveal adduction of the anterior two-thirds of the vocal cords with posterior chinking creating a diamond shape configuration. Successful therapy and management of VCD requires a speech therapy approach rather than physician prescribed medications.

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Asthma, airway inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes

Cited by 142 publications

References 36 publications

Non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces and adult-onset asthma in the beginning of this millennium

Non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces and adult-onset asthma in the beginning of this millennium

Reversible remodeling of lung tissue during hibernation in the Syrian hamster

Vocal Cord Dysfunction after an Inhalation Exposure

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