ASTM C 88 Test on Soundness of Aggregate Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate: A Study of the Mechanisms of Damage

Haynes, H. H.

doi:10.1520/jai12517

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Although not found in this study, Na 2 SO 4 could potentially exist in the heptahydrate form, usually indicated by a band at 989 cm –1 , or in the decahydrate form with a band at 988 cm –1 . , The presence of anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 formed at 95 °C in this work is consistent with another report that mentioned the formation of anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 at high temperatures . Furthermore, the peak position of Na 2 SO 4 at 994.80 cm –1 in an SO 4 2– /Li + ratio of 2 closely resembles the band of thenardite, which possesses an orthorhombic crystal structure .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of Sulfate and Carbonate Ions on Lithium Carbonate Precipitation from a Low Concentration Lithium Containing Solution

Aprilianto,

Perdana,

Rochmadi

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) is one of the main precursors for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This compound can be obtained through direct extraction from primary sources such as ores and brines or from secondary sources such as spent LIBs. The extraction of lithium from both ores and LIBs commonly involves the use of sulfuric acid as an inexpensive solvent, often with relatively high concentrations and low solid−liquid ratios. This process results in a solution with low lithium concentration but high SO 42− ion concentration. The excessive concentration of SO 42− ions potentially leads to the formation of unacceptable impurities in the final Li 2 CO 3 product, which eventually lowers the recovery and purity of the product. The present work studied the effect of SO 4 2− and CO 3 2− ions concentration as well as temperature on the Li 2 CO 3 precipitation from the lithium-containing leaching solution. Experimental works were carried out with various variations within controlled simple (Li + -Na + -CO 3 2− -OH − ) and complex (Li + -Na + -CO 3 2− -SO 4 2− -OH − ) systems. The resulting Li 2 CO 3 precipitates were characterized using Raman microscope spectrometry and elemental analysis with ICP-OES. The results showed that a relatively pure lithium carbonate product can be achieved from a precipitation condition with a maximum SO 4 2− /Li + ratio of 1:2 (0.25 M SO 4 2− /0.5 M Li + ) and at a temperature of 90 °C with a recovery of 80.54%. At higher SO 4 2− /Li + ratios, a relatively pure product could be obtained at lower operating temperatures to avoid the formation of sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), but it caused a drop in recovery. The presence of CO 3 2− ions in the solution within a range of a CO 3 2− /Li + ratio of 1−2 had no effect on Li 2 CO 3 product purity. However, when the ratio increased to 2.5, the purity dropped to 92.17% due to the impurity of Na 2 CO 3 formed along with the precipitation process. It was also observed that the presence of CO 3 2− ions led to a higher product crystallinity and recovery. Nonetheless, a further increase in the CO 3 2− /Li + ratio had an insignificant effect on the product recovery.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of Sulfate and Carbonate Ions on Lithium Carbonate Precipitation from a Low Concentration Lithium Containing Solution

Aprilianto,

Perdana,

Rochmadi

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Only a few mirabilite could have nucleated since only a limited amount of oven-dried thenardite dissolved during the destructive immersion regime. This is because a shell of mirabilite encapsulates thenardite, thereby preventing rapid dissolution and further hydration of thenardite if the latter is large enough (Haynes 2005;Linnow et al 2006). Another possible reason is that the metastable heptahydrate might have precipitated in TS in preference to the more destructive mirabilite.…”

Section: Possible Reasons For Sodium Sulphate Inefficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H 2 O) to epsomite (MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O) transformation (Correns & Steinborn 1939;Chatterji & Jensen 1989;Haynes 2005). Therefore, the hydration pressure hypothesis has been ruled out as a credible cause of salt damage (Thaulow & Sahu 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is sodium sulphate invariably effective in destroying any type of rock?

Oguchi

2010

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Sodium sulphate has been implicated as one of the most destructive weathering agents in many field observations and numerous laboratory studies. We hypothesize however, that sodium sulphate would not be invariably effective on any type of rock. To verify the supposition, a laboratory cyclic impregnation-drying experiment was undertaken. In addition to sodium sulphate, two other destructive hydratable salts, magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate, were used to attack eight types of rock. In all three salt attacks, rock breakdown occurred only during immersion due to the exertion of higher crystallization pressure driven by the greater supersaturation reached after dissolution of the crystals precipitated during drying. Sodium sulphate was the most destructive salt in six out of the eight rocks tested, and even granite was substantially disintegrated. However, although probability is small, sodium sulphate indeed manifested its impotency against a relatively weak rock (Tago Sandstone). Contrary to its modest damaging power on other rocks, magnesium sulphate destroyed Tago Sandstone which could resist sodium sulphate attack. Sodium carbonate was the least destructive of the three hydratable salts. The general damage mechanism of hydratable salts, the process of damage of Tago Sandstone by magnesium sulphate and the possible reasons behind the impotency of sodium sulphate against Tago Sandstone are all investigated.

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“…The remaining samples obtained 2.5%, 1.1%, 0.9%, 0.7%, and 0.5%. The values of all the samples fell within the limit range of less than 12%, as recommended in ASTM C-88 [39]. Therefore, the samples of artificial LWA had an acceptable loss of soundness to resist changes in volume under the subjected condition.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 54%

Utilisation of Recycled Silt from Water Treatment and Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Geopolymer Artificial Lightweight Aggregate

Kwek

Awang

2021

Sustainability

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The global consumption of aggregate in the construction field is increasing annually, especially in concrete production. With the development of the economy and increase of the population, the demand for concrete and, therefore, a huge amount of aggregate has increased significantly. This issue is pressing and needs to be addressed. Lightweight aggregate (LWA) is one possible solution. This study investigated the potential use of artificial LWA manufactured from alkaline-activated palm oil fuel ash (POFA) with silt due to its properties and performances. Six mixes containing up to 60% silt by total weight combined with optimised activated POFA were analysed. The artificial LWA was synthesised through a pelletising and sintering process at 1150 °C. The increase in the activated POFA proportion in the mixture induced changes in the properties of artificial LWA, including the physical and mechanical properties, durability, and microstructure. The analytical results showed that all of the artificial aggregates were categorised as LWA, based on BS EN 13055. The artificial LWA with 40% activated POFA and 60% silt had the highest crushing strength and acceptable properties for construction applications. This study summarised the performances of the final products and highlighted the different uses of imported silt and POFA as building materials for minimising environmental impacts.

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ASTM C 88 Test on Soundness of Aggregate Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate: A Study of the Mechanisms of Damage

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of Sulfate and Carbonate Ions on Lithium Carbonate Precipitation from a Low Concentration Lithium Containing Solution

Effect of Sulfate and Carbonate Ions on Lithium Carbonate Precipitation from a Low Concentration Lithium Containing Solution

Is sodium sulphate invariably effective in destroying any type of rock?

Utilisation of Recycled Silt from Water Treatment and Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Geopolymer Artificial Lightweight Aggregate

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