ASTM E-84 and the flammability of foamed thermosetting plastics

D'Souza, M. V.; McGuire, J. H.

doi:10.1007/bf02303053

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Other studies related to ASTM E-84 were done by Christian and Waterman [9] for corridor wall and ceiling linings, and by D' Souza and McGuire [10] for half and full-scale corner-canopy tests. The first study found the times to achieve extensive spread was inversely dependent on both the E-84 FSC value and on initial fire intensity, the ignition source.…”

Section: Analysis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of correlations between laboratory and full-scale experiments for the FAA Aircraft Fire Safety Program, Part 4 :

Quintiere¹

1982

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A review is made of studies in which full-scale fire growth was compared with laboratory test data on materials. Both room and corridor fires are included in which primarily interior lining materials have been the combustible element. The studies include standard test methods and other laboratory devices used in the United States and other countries. An effort was made to intercompare experimental results in a common basis. For example, maximum room temperature data are compared with ASTM E-84 flame spread classifications for several full-scale tests which involved nearly the same room geometries and same fuel arrangements.

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Section: Analysis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of correlations between laboratory and full-scale experiments for the FAA Aircraft Fire Safety Program, Part 4 :

Quintiere¹

1982

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“…Ventilation (wind-aided and opposed) factors determine the severity of fire hazard; and hence, flame spread. However, these test methods may not be quite suitable for testing SOPs such as thermosetting plastics because plastic melts and stops fire spreads [26]. In general, there are three classes (Class A, Class B and Class C).…”

Section: Overview Of Temperature-dependent Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramic tiles as sustainable, functional and insulating materials to mitigate fire damage

Naser

Thavarajah²

2021

Advances in Applied Ceramics

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Owing to their lower costs and functional properties, the construction industry has been increasingly adopting synthetic organic polymer (SOP) materials into linings, interiors and non-load bearing structural components. While SOPs have favourable properties and characteristics at ambient conditions, the same materials often perform poorly under moderate-to-elevated temperatures such as that arising from a building fire. In fact, most SOPs tend to combust and decompose at elevated temperatures which, unlike traditional building materials such as concrete and ceramic tiles, is proven to not only contribute to the fire but also to adversely affect evacuation and firefighting operations. From a fire engineering perspective, this paper tests a hypothesis in which ceramic tiles (CTs) are expected to outperform SOPs and commonly used insulations as finishing and lining materials under fire conditions. As such, this study showcases a thorough comparison between the behaviour of commonly available CTs, SOPs and insulations in temperatures ranging between 25 and 1000°C. Then, this paper analyses published CT models to derive temperature-dependent material models with the aid of machine learning (ML). Findings of this work advocate the use of CTs as favourable finishing and interior lining materials to enable realising improved structural fire performance and fire response managements, as opposed to SOPs, composites or insulations. The outcome of this work is expected to be of interest to architects, first responders, building officials, fire and structural engineers.

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“…(It would appear helpful if some independent measurement were made to establish the fraction of pyrolyzed mass emitted that is combustible fuel vapor, as a function of surface temperature and time of exposure.) (2) How much insight into the flammability characteristics of a structure, or portion of a structure, is afforded by knowledge of the flammability characteristics of its composite materials remains a highly controversial subject (Christian and Waterman, 1970;Fang, 1975;D'Souza and McGuire, 1977;Benjamin, 1977;Christian, Castino and Beyreis, 1977). However, for all the reservations that may be presented, the consensus of the literature appears to be that the relative rating of materials in the ASTM E84 test does correlate fairly well with the relative rating of materials evolved from larger-scale test, with respect to flame-spread properties.…”

Section: Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind-Aided Flame Spread Along a Horizontal Fuel Slab

Carrier¹,

Fendell²,

Feldman³

1980

Combustion Science and Technology

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The American Society of Testing and Materials test E84 is widely employed in North America to characterize the rate of flame spread along samples of material proposed for use in construction of buildings;by this test, materials, in part, are qualified with respect to fire safety for classes of application. In this tenminute-duration test, an 8 meter slab of the material comprises the ceiling of a sealed duct (termed a Steiner tunnel) through which hot vitiated air (up to about 1150 K) flows after time zero at about 1.2 m/s. Materials are rated according to the distance from the leading edge that the wind-aided flame propagates (or, alternatively for samples that become totally involved, by the elapsed time to flameover at the downwind end). An unsteady two-spatial-dimensional model of this test has been undertaken, as a first step toward the goal of anticipating behavior of a sample from knowledge of its chemical and physical properties. In the formulation, at any fixed position along the sample, as time increases, the sample is heated, by conduction and radiation, from its initial temperature to its pyrolysis temperature, but any further heat transfer from the gas phase to the sample (not conducted into the interior of the sample) contributes to gasification at that constant "pyrolysis temperature." The gas-phase heat transferred to the sample is furnished by the initial vitiated-air enthalpy, supplemented by chemical exotherrnicity from a homogeneous diffusion flame at which fuel vapor pyrolyzed from the sample reacts with oxygen from the vitiated air stream. An isobaric Shvab-Zeldovich formulation of heat and species conservation [with treatment of the flame after Burke and Schumann; of convective transport, after Oseen, but with a nonlinear expression to account adequately for interphase mass transfer; and of diffusive transport, after Prandtl] proves amenable to an approach believed to be of general interest in Stefan problems with a split-type boundary condition. Split-type boundary condition here alludes to the fact that, at the two-phase interface, preheating boundary conditions (i.e., continuity of temperature and of heat flux) apply downwind of the pyrolysis front, but mass-transfer conditions (i.e., sublimation at a known, constant temperature) apply upwind of the pyrolysis front: the translation of the front with time must be found as part of the solution. The approach entails the use of the Fourier transform to integrate out the dependence on the coordinate transverse to the two-phase interface: with the parabolic nature of the full partial differential operator so removed. one may use method-of-characteristics solution in the interfacial plane for the Volterra integral equations derived from the hyperbolic suboperator. From knowledge of the dependence on time and streamwise co-ordinate of the solution in the interfacial plane, the solution may be extended readily off the interfacial plane. The model presented here retains radiative transfer in simplistic form; in particular, the radiative cooling of...

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ASTM E-84 and the flammability of foamed thermosetting plastics

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

An assessment of correlations between laboratory and full-scale experiments for the FAA Aircraft Fire Safety Program, Part 4 :

An assessment of correlations between laboratory and full-scale experiments for the FAA Aircraft Fire Safety Program, Part 4 :

Ceramic tiles as sustainable, functional and insulating materials to mitigate fire damage

Wind-Aided Flame Spread Along a Horizontal Fuel Slab

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