Astonishing Fungal Diversity in Deep‐Sea Hydrothermal Ecosystems: An Untapped Resource of Biotechnological Potential?

Burgaud, Gaëtan; Meslet‐Cladière, Laurence; Barbier, Georges; Edgcomb, Virginia P.

doi:10.1002/9783527681501.ch04

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Among eukaryotes, nematodes and fungi are also potential sources of phospholipids and sphingolipids in the anoxic sediments of Milos, as they have been commonly found associated with hydrothermal ecosystems (e.g., Dando et al, 1995b ; Thiermann et al, 1997 ; Le Calvez et al, 2009 ; Burgaud et al, 2014 ; Portnova et al, 2014 ). Whereas phospholipids such as PC and CL ( Figure 3 ) are characteristic of mitochondria ( Horvath and Daum, 2013 ), eukaryotic membranes are enriched in sugar-based ceramides and sphingomyelin ( Hannun and Obeid, 2008 ; Merrill, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Stress Dictates Microbial Lipid Composition along a Thermal Gradient in Marine Sediments

et al. 2017

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Temperature exerts a first-order control on microbial populations, which constantly adjust the fluidity and permeability of their cell membrane lipids to minimize loss of energy by ion diffusion across the membrane. Analytical advances in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry have allowed the detection of a stunning diversity of bacterial and archaeal lipids in extreme environments such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents and deep subsurface marine sediments. Here, we investigated a thermal gradient from 18 to 101°C across a marine sediment field and tested the hypothesis that cell membrane lipids provide a major biochemical basis for the bioenergetics of archaea and bacteria under heat stress. This paper features a detailed lipidomics approach with the focus on membrane lipid structure-function. Membrane lipids analyzed here include polar lipids of bacteria and polar and core lipids of archaea. Reflecting the low permeability of their ether-linked isoprenoids, we found that archaeal polar lipids generally dominate over bacterial lipids in deep layers of the sediments influenced by hydrothermal fluids. A close examination of archaeal and bacterial lipids revealed a membrane quandary: not only low permeability, but also increased fluidity of membranes are required as a unified property of microbial membranes for energy conservation under heat stress. For instance, bacterial fatty acids were composed of longer chain lengths in concert with higher degree of unsaturation while archaea modified their tetraethers by incorporation of additional methyl groups at elevated sediment temperatures. It is possible that these configurations toward a more fluidized membrane at elevated temperatures are counterbalanced by the high abundance of archaeal glycolipids and bacterial sphingolipids, which could reduce membrane permeability through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Our results provide a new angle for interpreting membrane lipid structure-function enabling archaea and bacteria to survive and grow in hydrothermal systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Stress Dictates Microbial Lipid Composition along a Thermal Gradient in Marine Sediments

et al. 2017

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“…Seawater at high temperature (up to 350°C) and charged with metals and other compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide flows out of structures built from precipitates called chimneys. Depending on the composition of the fluid, the plume appears with different intensity of white or black color (white or black smokers) (Burgaud et al, 2014 ). Due to volcanic activities of the crust, these ecosystems are ephemeral (Van Dover et al, 2002 ).…”

Section: The Marine Biosphere As a Source Of New Glycopolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exopolysaccharides produced by marine bacteria and their applications as glycosaminoglycan-like molecules

et al. 2014

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Although polysaccharides are ubiquitous and the most abundant renewable bio-components, their studies, covered by the glycochemistry and glycobiology fields, remain a challenge due to their high molecular diversity and complexity. Polysaccharides are industrially used in food products; human therapeutics fall into a more recent research field and pharmaceutical industry is looking for more and more molecules with enhanced activities. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in animal tissues play a critical role in cellular physiological and pathological processes as they bind many cellular components. Therefore, they present a great potential for the design and preparation of therapeutic drugs. On the other hand, microorganisms producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are renewable resources meeting well the actual industrial demand. In particular, the diversity of marine microorganisms is still largely unexplored offering great opportunities to discover high value products such as new molecules and biocatalysts. EPS-producing bacteria from the marine environment will be reviewed with a focus on marine-derived EPS from bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Information on chemical and structural features, putative pathways of biosynthesis, novel strategies for chemical and enzymatic modifications and potentialities in the biomedical field will be provided. An integrated approach should be used to increase the basic knowledge on these compounds and their applications; new clean environmentally friendly processes for the production of carbohydrate bioactive compounds should also be proposed for a sustainable industry.

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“…Seawater is charged with metals and other substances such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, ammonia, and carbon dioxide pouring out of chimneys made of precipitates at high temperatures (up to 350°C). The plume appears in varied intensities of white or black hue (white or black smokers) according to the fluid composition [ 136 ]. These habitats are transient due to crustal volcanic activity [ 137 ].…”

Section: Ecological Roles Of Microbial Eps In the Marine Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential functions and applications of diverse microbial exopolysaccharides in marine environments

Ibrahim

Elhassayeb

El-Sayed

2022

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

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Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from microorganisms are essential harmless natural biopolymers used in applications including medications, nutraceuticals and functional foods, cosmetics, and insecticides. Several microbes can synthesize and excrete EPSs with chemical properties and structures that make them suitable for several important applications. Microbes secrete EPSs outside their cell walls, as slime or as a “jelly” into the extracellular medium. These EPS-producing microbes are ubiquitous and can be isolated from aquatic and terrestrial environments, such as freshwater, marine water, wastewater, and soils. They have also been isolated from extreme niches like hot springs, cold waters, halophilic environments, and salt marshes. Recently, microbial EPSs have attracted interest for their applications such as environmental bio-flocculants because they are degradable and nontoxic. However, further efforts are required for the cost-effective and industrial-scale commercial production of microbial EPSs. This review focuses on the exopolysaccharides obtained from several extremophilic microorganisms, their synthesis, and manufacturing optimization for better cost and productivity. We also explored their role and applications in interactions between several organisms.

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Astonishing Fungal Diversity in Deep‐Sea Hydrothermal Ecosystems: An Untapped Resource of Biotechnological Potential?

Cited by 11 publications

References 81 publications

Heat Stress Dictates Microbial Lipid Composition along a Thermal Gradient in Marine Sediments

Heat Stress Dictates Microbial Lipid Composition along a Thermal Gradient in Marine Sediments

Exopolysaccharides produced by marine bacteria and their applications as glycosaminoglycan-like molecules

Potential functions and applications of diverse microbial exopolysaccharides in marine environments

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