Asymmetrical Modulation of the Relationship Between the Western Pacific Pattern and El Niño–Southern Oscillation by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in the Boreal Winter

Abstract

The western Pacific pattern (WP) is one of the most essential wintertime teleconnection patterns in the Northern Hemisphere, with alternating geopotential height anomalies in the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) and mid-high latitudes of the North Pacific. The WP has far-reaching implications for weather and climate anomalies over mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and North America (Barnston & Livezey, 1987;Linkin & Nigam, 2008;Wallace & Gutzler, 1981), as it is considered a preeminent contributor to weather and climate anomalies in East Asia and the Far East (Lim & Kim, 2013;Pak et al., 2014;Takaya & Nakamura, 2013). Because it aligns with various positions of the jet stream and storm track anomalies, the WP also exerts significant impacts on precipitation anomalies in North America (Linkin & Nigam, 2008;Yuan et al., 2015). In addition, emerging studies have highlighted the important role of WP-induced atmospheric circulations in provoking extreme climate events. One extremely strong and persistent WP event was suggested to be the key circulation pattern fostering the record-breaking cold winter of 2013/14 in North America (Baxter & Nigam, 2015;B. Yu & Zhang, 2015). Therefore, analyzing and understanding the WP and its relevant climatic effects are of critical importance.

Variation in the Impact of ENSO on the Western Pacific Pattern Influenced by ENSO Amplitude in CMIP6 Simulations

“…This reinforces the presence of a stronger ENSO amplitude in the HCG (Figure 8). The amplification of the ENSO amplitude, coupled with the conspicuous SST anomalies in the equatorial central‐eastern Pacific in the HCG, tend to instigate more pronounced positive precipitation anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific (Figure 7f) (Aru et al., 2023). In particular, this phenomenon is pivotal as the equatorial central‐eastern precipitation anomalies can influence the tropical WNP by modulating the zonal Walker circulation and regional Hadley circulation anomalies (Alexander et al., 2002; Huang et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2000).…”

Unveiling the role of tropical Pacific on the emergence of ice-free Arctic projections

“…Additionally, the small sample size during the satellite era (Deser et al 2017) and the contrasting ENSO-Arctic relationships in different climate models (Ding et al 2019) make it hard to conclude their interrelationship. Recent studies suggest that the interannual ENSO-North Pacific and ENSO-Arctic relationships have undergone substantial inter-decadal changes in the past (Chen et al 2020, Aru et al 2023, Chen et al 2023b, Jahfer et al 2023. Anthropogenic warming can also modulate the strength of the tropical-extratropical relationship (Wang et al 2013).…”